Sci Rep. 2025 Feb 27;15(1):7010. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-92020-w.

ABSTRACT

Health is fundamental to human well-being, with brain health particularly critical for cognitive functions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as a cornerstone in diagnosing brain health issues, providing essential data for healthcare decisions. These images represent vast datasets that are increasingly harnessed by deep learning for high-performance image processing and classification tasks. In our study, we focus on classifying brain tumors-such as glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumors-using the U-Net architecture applied to MRI scans. Additionally, we explore the effectiveness of convolutional neural networks including Inception-V3, EfficientNetB4, and VGG19, augmented through transfer learning techniques. Evaluation metrics such as F-score, recall, precision, and accuracy were employed to assess model performance. The U-Net segmentation architecture, emerged as the top performer, achieving an accuracy of 98.56%, along with an F-score of 99%, an area under the curve of 99.8%, and recall and precision rates of 99%. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of U-Net, a convolutional neural network architecture, for accurate brain tumor segmentation in early detection and treatment planning. Achieving an accuracy of 96.01% in cross-dataset validation with an external cohort, U-Net exhibited robust performance across diverse clinical scenarios. Our findings highlight the potential of U-Net and transfer learning in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and informing clinical decision-making in neuroimaging, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes.

PMID:40016334 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-92020-w

Eur Respir J. 2025 Feb 27;65(2):2402224. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02224-2024. Print 2025 Feb.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40015735 | DOI:10.1183/13993003.02224-2024

Alzheimers Res Ther. 2025 Feb 27;17(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13195-025-01697-8.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have focused on improving our understanding of gut microbiome dysbiosis and its impact on cognitive function. However, the relationship between gut microbiome composition, accelerated brain atrophy, and cognitive function has not yet been fully explored.

METHODS: We recruited 292 participants from South Korean memory clinics to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging, clinical assessments, and collected stool samples. We employed a pretrained brain age model- a measure associated with neurodegeneration. Using cluster analysis, we categorized individuals based on their microbiome profiles and examined the correlations with brain age, Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, and the Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Box (CDR-SB).

RESULTS: Two clusters were identified in the microbiota at the phylum level that showed significant differences on a few microbiotas phylum. Greater gut microbiome dysbiosis was associated with worse cognitive function including MMSE and CDR-SB; this effect was partially mediated by greater brain age even when accounting for chronological age, sex, and education.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that brain age mediates the link between gut microbiome dysbiosis and cognitive performance. These insights suggest potential interventions targeting the gut microbiome to alleviate age-related cognitive decline.

PMID:40016766 | DOI:10.1186/s13195-025-01697-8

BMC Biol. 2025 Feb 27;23(1):62. doi: 10.1186/s12915-025-02168-0.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Melanin pigmentation in oocytes is a critical feature for both the esthetic and developmental aspects of oocytes, influencing their polarity and overall development. Despite substantial knowledge of melanogenesis in melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelium cells, the molecular mechanisms underlying oocyte melanogenesis remain largely unknown.

RESULTS: Here, we compare the oocytes of wild-type, tyr-/- and mitf-/- Xenopus tropicalis and found that mitf-/- oocytes exhibit normal melanin deposition at the animal pole, whereas tyr-/- oocytes show no melanin deposition at this site. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that melanogenesis in mitf-/- oocytes proceeds normally, similar to wild-type oocytes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that mitf-/- oocytes still express melanogenesis-related genes, enabling them to complete melanogenesis. Additionally, in Xenopus tropicalis oocytes, the expression of the MiT subfamily factor tfe3 is relatively high, while tfeb, mitf, and tfec levels are extremely low. The expression pattern of tfe3 is similar to that of tyr and other melanogenesis-related genes. Thus, melanogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis oocytes is independent of Mitf and may be regulated by other MiT subfamily factors such as Tfe3, which control the expression of genes like tyr, dct, and tyrp1. Furthermore, transcriptomic data revealed that changes in the expression of genes related to mitochondrial cloud formation represent the most significant molecular changes during oocyte development.

CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings suggest that further elucidation of Tyr-dependent and Mitf-independent mechanisms of melanin deposition at the animal pole will enhance our understanding of melanogenesis and Oogenesis.

PMID:40016733 | DOI:10.1186/s12915-025-02168-0

Cell Res. 2025 Feb 28. doi: 10.1038/s41422-025-01084-w. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The spliceosome, a highly dynamic macromolecular assembly, catalyzes the precise removal of introns from pre-mRNAs. Recent studies have provided comprehensive structural insights into the step-wise assembly, catalytic splicing and final disassembly of the spliceosome. However, the molecular details of how the spliceosome recognizes and rejects suboptimal splicing substrates remained unclear. Here, we show cryo-electron microscopy structures of spliceosomal quality control complexes from a thermophilic eukaryote, Chaetomium thermophilum. The spliceosomes, henceforth termed B*Q, are stalled at a catalytically activated state but prior to the first splicing reaction due to an aberrant 5' splice site conformation. This state is recognized by G-patch protein GPATCH1, which is docked onto PRP8-EN and -RH domains and has recruited the cognate DHX35 helicase to its U2 snRNA substrate. In B*Q, DHX35 has dissociated the U2/branch site helix, while the disassembly helicase DHX15 is docked close to its U6 RNA 3'-end substrate. Our work thus provides mechanistic insights into the concerted action of two spliceosomal helicases in maintaining splicing fidelity by priming spliceosomes that are bound to aberrant splice substrates for disassembly.

PMID:40016598 | DOI:10.1038/s41422-025-01084-w

Commun Med (Lond). 2025 Feb 27;5(1):49. doi: 10.1038/s43856-025-00764-3.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Accurately recognizing that a person may be dying is central to improving their experience of care at the end-of-life. However, predicting dying is frequently inaccurate and often occurs only hours or a few days before death.

METHODS: We performed urinary metabolomics analysis on patients with lung cancer to create a metabolite model to predict dying over the last 30 days of life.

RESULTS: Here we show a model, using only 7 metabolites, has excellent accuracy in the Training cohort n = 112 (AUC = 0·85, 0·85, 0·88 and 0·86 on days 5, 10, 20 and 30) and Validation cohort n = 49 (AUC = 0·86, 0·83, 0·90, 0·86 on days 5, 10, 20 and 30). These results are more accurate than existing validated prognostic tools, and uniquely give accurate predictions over a range of time points in the last 30 days of life. Additionally, we present changes in 125 metabolites during the final four weeks of life, with the majority exhibiting statistically significant changes within the last week before death.

CONCLUSIONS: These metabolites identified offer insights into previously undocumented pathways involved in or affected by the dying process. They not only imply cancer's influence on the body but also illustrate the dying process. Given the similar dying trajectory observed in individuals with cancer, our findings likely apply to other cancer types. Prognostic tests, based on the metabolites we identified, could aid clinicians in the early recognition of people who may be dying and thereby influence clinical practice and improve the care of dying patients.

PMID:40016594 | DOI:10.1038/s43856-025-00764-3

Lab Anim (NY). 2025 Feb 27. doi: 10.1038/s41684-025-01506-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

HSALR mice are the most broadly used animal model for studying myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1). However, so far, HSALR preclinical studies have often excluded female mice or failed to document the biological sex of the animals. This leaves an unwanted knowledge gap concerning the differential development of DM1 in males and females, particularly considering that the disease has a different clinical presentation in men and women. Here we compared typical functional measurements, histological features, molecular phenotypes and biochemical plasma profiles in the muscles of male and female HSALR mice in search of any significant between-sex differences that could justify this exclusion of female mice in HSALR studies and, critically, in candidate therapy assays performed with this model. We found no fundamental differences between HSALR males and females during disease development. Both sexes presented comparable functional and tissue phenotypes, with similar molecular muscle profiles. The only sex differences and significant interactions observed were in plasma biochemical parameters, which are also intrinsically variable in patients with DM1. In addition, we tested the influence of age on these measurements. We therefore suggest including female HSALR mice in regular DM1 studies, and recommend documenting the sex of animals, especially in studies focusing on metabolic alterations. This will allow researchers to detect and report any potential differences between male and female HSALR mice, especially regarding the efficacy of experimental treatments that could be relevant to patients with DM1.

PMID:40016516 | DOI:10.1038/s41684-025-01506-7

Nat Med. 2025 Feb 27. doi: 10.1038/s41591-025-03530-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Brain metastases frequently develop in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are a common cause of cancer-related deaths, yet our understanding of the underlying human biology is limited. Here we performed multimodal single-nucleus RNA and T cell receptor, single-cell spatial and whole-genome sequencing of brain metastases and primary tumors of patients with treatment-naive NSCLC. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a distinguishing genomic feature of brain metastases compared with primary tumors, which we validated through integrated analysis of molecular profiling and clinical data in 4,869 independent patients, and a new cohort of 12,275 patients with NSCLC. Unbiased analyses revealed transcriptional neural-like programs that strongly enriched in cancer cells from brain metastases, including a recurring, CINhigh cell subpopulation that preexists in primary tumors but strongly enriched in brain metastases, which was also recovered in matched single-cell spatial transcriptomics. Using multiplexed immunofluorescence in an independent cohort of treatment-naive pairs of primary tumors and brain metastases from the same patients with NSCLC, we validated genomic and tumor-microenvironmental findings and identified a cancer cell population characterized by neural features strongly enriched in brain metastases. This comprehensive analysis provides insights into human NSCLC brain metastasis biology and serves as an important resource for additional discovery.

PMID:40016452 | DOI:10.1038/s41591-025-03530-z

EMBO Rep. 2025 Feb 27. doi: 10.1038/s44319-025-00389-6. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40016427 | DOI:10.1038/s44319-025-00389-6

NPJ Syst Biol Appl. 2025 Feb 27;11(1):21. doi: 10.1038/s41540-025-00498-x.

ABSTRACT

More than 20% of the population across the world is affected by non-communicable inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, rosacea, etc. Many of these chronic diseases are painful and debilitating with limited effective therapeutic interventions. This study aims to identify common regulatory pathways and master regulators that regulate the molecular pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases. We designed an integrative systems biology framework to identify the significant regulators across several diseases. Network analytics unraveled 55 high-value proteins as significant regulators in molecular pathogenesis which can serve as putative drug targets for more effective treatments. We identified IKZF1 as a shared master regulator in hidradenitis suppurativa, atopic dermatitis, and rosacea with known disease-derived molecules for developing efficacious combinatorial treatments for these diseases. The proposed framework is very modular and indicates a significant path of molecular mechanism-based drug development from complex transcriptomics data and other multi-omics data.

PMID:40016271 | DOI:10.1038/s41540-025-00498-x

Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 27;16(1):2020. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-57034-y.

ABSTRACT

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a functionally diverse protein family and are targets for a broad spectrum of pharmaceuticals. Technological progress in X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy has enabled extensive, high-resolution structural characterisation of GPCRs in different conformational states. However, as highly dynamic events underlie GPCR signalling, a complete understanding of GPCR functionality requires insights into their conformational dynamics. Here, we present a large dataset of molecular dynamics simulations covering 60% of currently available GPCR structures. Our analysis reveals extensive local "breathing" motions of the receptor on a nano- to microsecond timescale and provides access to numerous previously unexplored receptor conformational states. Furthermore, we reveal that receptor flexibility impacts the shape of allosteric drug binding sites, which frequently adopt partially or completely closed states in the absence of a molecular modulator. We demonstrate that exploring membrane lipid dynamics and their interaction with GPCRs is an efficient approach to expose such hidden allosteric sites and even lateral ligand entrance gateways. The obtained insights and generated dataset on conformations, allosteric sites and lateral entrance gates in GPCRs allows us to better understand the functionality of these receptors and opens new therapeutic avenues for drug-targeting strategies.

PMID:40016203 | DOI:10.1038/s41467-025-57034-y

Gut. 2025 Feb 27:gutjnl-2024-333944. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2024-333944. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Despite the success of immune checkpoint blockade, a lack of understanding of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) immune microenvironment impedes its development.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to elucidate the essential function of E-twenty-six-specific sequence variant 5 (ETV5) in regulating the immune microenvironment in HCC.

DESIGN: Humanised mouse models, murine orthotopic models and diethylnitrosamine/carbon tetrachloride (DEN/CCl4)-induced HCC models were used to examine the function of ETV5. The downstream targets of ETV5 were screened using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, CUT&Tag and RNA sequencing. Immune cells were examined using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) was targeted by neutralising antibodies.

RESULTS: Overexpression of ETV5 in HCC cells facilitated HCC metastasis and immune escape by recruiting and enhancing the immunosuppressive capabilities of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs). Mechanistically, ETV5 transactivated programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and S100A9 expression. Inhibition of S100A9 or myeloid-specific knockout of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), the receptors of S100A9, impeded ETV5-induced PMN-MDSC recruitment. Meanwhile, S100A9 within the tumour microenvironment elevated ETV5 expression via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. Additionally, ETV5 transcriptionally upregulated PD-L1 in MDSCs as well, thereby augmenting their immunosuppressive functions. Myeloid-specific Etv5 knockout attenuated HCC progression. We developed monoclonal neutralising-S100A9 antibodies that effectively inhibited ETV5-mediated PMN-MDSC infiltration. Synergistic application of anti-S100A9 or TLR4/RAGE inhibitors with anti-PD-L1 therapy significantly suppressed ETV5-mediated HCC progression.

CONCLUSION: ETV5 facilitates HCC progression and metastasis by promoting the recruitment, infiltration and activation of PMN-MDSCs. Synergistic application of anti-S100A9 or TLR4/RAGE inhibitors with anti-PD-L1 therapy holds great promise as an effective combinational treatment strategy for ETV5-positive HCC.

PMID:40015948 | DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2024-333944

J Proteomics. 2025 Feb 25:105414. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2025.105414. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdominal condition in clinical practice, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Forsythia constitutes a component of traditional Chinese medicinal decoctions used for clinical AP treatment; however, the efficacy of its active monomer in treating AP has yet to be completely substantiated. Here, we engineered an AP cell and mouse model by administering a combination of caerulein and LPS. In vitro experiments utilizing AR42J cells demonstrated that forsythoside B (FST·B) was the most effective monomer in mitigating cellular inflammation. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation of FST·B concentrations and efficacy was performed in animal models. Next Mass spectrometry analysis of pancreatic from AP mice treated with 50 mg/kg FST·B was conducted to elucidate its primary regulatory molecular signaling and key targets. FST·B effectively mitigated pathological damage in mice with acute pancreatitis, leading to a reduction in the expression of inflammatory cytokines in both pancreatic tissue and serum. Proteomics and phosphoproteomic profiles revealed that FST·B significantly enhanced the level of oxidative phosphorylation and spliceosome pathway in the AP mice. This research provides initial evidence of the regulatory molecular signals and targets of FST·B in AP, laying a potential foundation for its clinical use in treating AP. SIGNIFICANCE: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdominal condition in clinical practice, associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, and the global incidence of AP has increased by approximately 25 % over the past 15 years. Despite the complexity of AP's causes and the high susceptibility of proteins to degradation during lesions, systems biology studies, such as proteomics, have been limited in investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in its pharmacological treatment. Forsythoside B, a phenylethanol glycoside isolated from the air-dried fruit of forsythia, is a traditional oriental anti-inflammatory drug commonly used in clinical practice. We demonstrated in the AP mouse model that forsythoside B can alleviate pancreatic inflammatory damage in vivo. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of forsythoside B, a comprehensive proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis was conducted on AP mice models prior to and subsequent to forsythoside B intervention. Finally, 1640 significantly differentially expressed proteins, 1448 significantly differentially expressed phosphoproteins corresponding to 2496 significantly differentially expressed phosphosites were identified. Functional analysis revealed that forsythoside B significantly enhanced the level of oxidative phosphorylation in the AP mice in proteomic profiles, and the spliceosome pathway at the phosphorylation level was significantly affected by forsythoside B. This research provides initial evidence of the regulatory molecular signals and targets of forsythoside B in AP, laying a potential foundation for its clinical use in treating AP.

PMID:40015372 | DOI:10.1016/j.jprot.2025.105414

Microbiol Res. 2025 Feb 25;295:128112. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2025.128112. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Heavy metals (HMs) toxicity finds substantial plant health risk, affecting germination, growth, productivity, and survival. HMs exposure can interrupt cellular function, increase oxidative stress and affect physiological processes. Plants have developed array of adaptive responses, with proteins playing key role in detecting, signalling, and mitigating metal-induced stress. Under stress, posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation and acetylation, are essential regulators of protein stability, localization, and function. This review examines the comprehensive profiling of PTMs in HMs stress responses, including how PTMs regulate the signalling pathways, degradation pathways, and TFs modulation. Specifically, discuss the role of phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, neddylation, lipidation, and S-nitrosylation in specifically under HMs stress with PTMs regulation of antioxidant enzymes, stress proteins, metal transporters and chelators of detoxification. This review illustrates the crosstalk of PTMs to show how synergistic interactions regulate protein stability, activity, and localization upon HMs stress. In cross talk, ubiquitination often starts from phosphorylation to subsequent degradation of proteins in a timely and reversible way to trigger stress responses. However, sumoylation stabilizes key transcription factors that are rapidly dephosphorylated and integral in metal detoxification, form a synergistic combination with phosphorylation to maintain their activity. It explains the future research directions, focusing on PTM engineering to generate stress tolerant plant varieties. By studying the response of plants to HMs stress through PTMs, emphasizes the relevance of PTMs towards plant resilience and advocates for systems biology integrative approach to advancing plant stress biology.

PMID:40015082 | DOI:10.1016/j.micres.2025.128112

Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2025 Feb 26:ejhpharm-2024-004444. doi: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2024-004444. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Medical errors pose significant risks to patient safety and public health. Automated unit dose drug dispensing systems (UDDSs) have emerged as valuable tools to reduce medication errors while optimising economic and logistical resources.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aims to evaluate studies specifically focused on the impact of automated UDDSs in reducing medication errors and streamlining processes.

METHODS: A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on peer-reviewed articles published between 2019 and 2024. The search, concluded on 24 September 2024, included studies conducted in inpatient hospital settings that assessed automated UDDS effects on medication errors, therapy management and inventory control. Outcomes examined included effects on patient safety, cost-effectiveness and inventory management. Results were synthesised qualitatively.

RESULTS: From 3346 references, four studies met the inclusion criteria: a cost-effectiveness analysis, an uncontrolled before-and-after study, and two observational studies. UDDS improved medication processes, reducing drug-related problems, medication handling and dispensing time by 50% per patient per day. Integrated with barcode scanning, UDDS lowered medication administration errors (MAEs) from 19.5% to 15.8% and harmful MAEs from 3.0% to 0.3%. Overall, medication errors dropped by 45-70%, enhancing safety and reducing manual handling risks. UDDS demonstrated cost-effectiveness by significantly reducing MAEs. The study estimated a reduction in MAEs, with a cost-effectiveness ratio of €17.69 per avoided MAE. For potentially harmful MAEs, the cost-effectiveness ratio was estimated at €30.23 per avoided error. These findings suggest substantial long-term savings potential, though the exact magnitude may vary depending on hospital size and implementation specifics CONCLUSIONS: Automated UDDSs improve patient safety by significantly reducing medication errors and delivering cost savings through better inventory management. Challenges such as high initial costs and workflow adjustments can be mitigated through gradual implementation and staff training. Further integration with other healthcare technologies, such as barcoding, real-time tracking, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven error prevention tools and fully automated restocking systems could enhance UDDS benefits and further support hospital processes.

PMID:40015720 | DOI:10.1136/ejhpharm-2024-004444

Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2025 Apr 1;35(3):116-118. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0000000000000557. Epub 2024 Dec 19.

ABSTRACT

This short communication serves as an update to previously published pilot study results on bronchodilator response (BDR) in children with asthma. We expanded our cohort from 54 to 165 pediatric patients seeking emergency department care for an asthma exacerbation. We obtained measured BDR before and after albuterol administration using the Pediatric Asthma Severity Score and collected genomic DNA. Based on a literature review, we analyzed whether 21 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with BDR. Among the three SNPs initially reported in our pilot study as significantly associated with BDR (rs912142, rs7081864, and rs7903366), we confirmed that rs7081864 was still significantly associated with suboptimal BDR (odds ratio, 0.47; confidence interval, 0.24-0.92). If externally validated in broader studies, simple outpatient testing for that SNP variant could help guide pharmacologic therapy for acute asthma symptoms.

PMID:40014467 | DOI:10.1097/FPC.0000000000000557

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Mar 4;122(9):e2425526122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2425526122. Epub 2025 Feb 27.

ABSTRACT

Mimicking metabolic pathways on electrodes enables in vivo metabolite monitoring for decoding metabolism. Conventional in vivo sensors cannot accommodate underlying complex reactions involving multiple enzymes and cofactors, addressing only a fraction of enzymatic reactions for few metabolites. We devised a single-wall-carbon-nanotube-electrode architecture supporting tandem metabolic pathway-like reactions linkable to oxidoreductase-based electrochemical analysis, making a vast majority of metabolites detectable in vivo. This architecture robustly integrates cofactors, self-mediates reactions at maximum enzyme capacity, and facilitates metabolite intermediation/detection and interference inactivation through multifunctional enzymatic use. Accordingly, we developed sensors targeting 12 metabolites, with 100-fold-enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and days-long stability. Leveraging these sensors, we monitored trace endogenous metabolites in sweat/saliva for noninvasive health monitoring, and a bacterial metabolite in the brain, marking a key milestone for unraveling gut microbiota-brain axis dynamics.

PMID:40014569 | DOI:10.1073/pnas.2425526122

ACS Sens. 2025 Feb 27. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.4c03366. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Flexible wearable potentiometric ion sensors for continuous monitoring of electrolyte cations have made significant advances in bioanalysis for personal healthcare and diagnostics. However, less attention is paid to the most abundant extracellular anion, chloride ion (Cl-) as a mark of electrolyte imbalance and an important diagnostic indicator of cystic fibrosis, which has important significance for accurate monitoring in complex biological fluids. An all-solid-state Cl--selective electrode is constructed utilizing oxygen vacancies reinforced vanadium oxide with a nitrogen-doped carbon shield as the solid contact (V2O3-x@NC/Cl--ISE). The prepared V2O3-x@NC/Cl--ISE exhibits a low detection limit of 10-5.45 M without an interfacial water layer and shows a highly stable potential with 7.24 μV/h during 24 h, which is attributed to the rapid interfacial electron transfer of the conductive carbon layers and the valence state transition of the polyvalent vanadium center in charge storage processes. Additionally, the custom flexible sensing patch presents an excellent sensitivity retention rate under bending (95%) and twisting (93%) strains and possesses good anti-interference performance (ΔE < 8 mV) against common interfering ions and organic substances in sweat. Real-time monitoring of the Cl- concentration in sweat aligns with ion chromatography analysis results. This study presents a compact wearable Cl- monitoring platform for the easy tracking of exercise-induced dehydration and cystic fibrosis screening with promising applications in smart healthcare.

PMID:40014548 | DOI:10.1021/acssensors.4c03366

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Mar 4;122(9):e2418643122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2418643122. Epub 2025 Feb 27.

ABSTRACT

Single-particle tracking has enabled quantitative studies of complex systems, providing nanometer localization precision and millisecond temporal resolution in heterogeneous environments. However, at micro- or nanometer scales, probe dynamics become inherently stochastic due to Brownian motion and complex interactions, leading to varied diffusion behaviors. Typically, analysis of such trajectory data involves certain moving-window operation and assumes the existence of some pseudo-steady states, particularly when evaluating predefined parameters or specific types of diffusion modes. Here, we introduce the stochastic particle-informed neural network (SPINN), a physics-informed deep learning framework that integrates stochastic differential equations to model and infer particle diffusion dynamics. The SPINN autonomously explores parameter spaces and distinguishes between deterministic and stochastic components with single-frame resolution. Using the anomalous diffusion dataset, we validated SPINN's ability to reduce frame-to-frame variability while preserving key statistical correlations, allowing for accurate characterization of different stochastic processes. When applied to the diffusion of single gold nanorods in hydrogels, the SPINN revealed enhanced microrheological properties during hydrogel gelation and uncovered interfacial dynamics during dextran/tetra-PEG liquid-liquid phase separation. By improving the temporal resolution of stochastic dynamics, the SPINN facilitates the estimation and prediction of complex diffusion behaviors, offering insights into underlying physical mechanisms at mesoscopic scales.

PMID:40014572 | DOI:10.1073/pnas.2418643122

Microsc Res Tech. 2025 Feb 27. doi: 10.1002/jemt.24836. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The retina is an important part of the eye that aids in focusing light and visual recognition to the brain. Hence, its damage causes vision loss in the human eye. Central serous retinopathy is a common retinal disorder in which serous detachment occurs at the posterior pole of the retina. Therefore, detection of CSR at an early stage with good accuracy can decrease the rate of vision loss and recover the vision to normal conditions. In the past, numerous manual techniques have been devised for CSR detection; nevertheless, they have demonstrated imprecision and unreliability. Thus, the deep learning method can play an important role in automatically detecting CSR. This research presents a convolutional neural network-based framework combined with segmentation and post-ocessing for CSR classification. There are several challenges in the segmentation of retinal images, such as noise, size variation, location, and shape of the fluid in the retina. To address these limitations, Otsu's thresholding has been employed as a technique for segmenting optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Pigments and fluids are present in epithelial detachment, and contrast adjustment and noise removal are required. After segmentation, post-processing is used, combining flood filling, dilation, and area thresholding. The segmented processed OCT scans were classified using the fusion of three networks: (i) ResNet-18, (ii) Google-Net, and (iii) VGG-19. After experimentation, the fusion of ResNet-18, GoogleNet, and VGG-19 achieved 99.6% accuracy, 99.46% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 99.73% F1 score using the proposed framework for classifying normal and CSR-affected images. A publicly available dataset OCTID comprises 207 normal and 102 CSR-affected images was utilized for testing and training of the proposed method. The experimental findings conclusively demonstrate the inherent suitability and efficacy of the framework put forth. Through rigorous testing and analysis, the results unequivocally validate the framework's ability to fulfill its intended objectives and address the challenges at hand.

PMID:40014549 | DOI:10.1002/jemt.24836