When loss-of-function is loss of function: assessing mutational signatures and impact of loss-of-function genetic variants.

Bioinformatics. 2017 Jul 15;33(14):i389-i398

Authors: Pagel KA, Pejaver V, Lin GN, Nam HJ, Mort M, Cooper DN, Sebat J, Iakoucheva LM, Mooney SD, Radivojac P

Abstract
Motivation: Loss-of-function genetic variants are frequently associated with severe clinical phenotypes, yet many are present in the genomes of healthy individuals. The available methods to assess the impact of these variants rely primarily upon evolutionary conservation with little to no consideration of the structural and functional implications for the protein. They further do not provide information to the user regarding specific molecular alterations potentially causative of disease.
Results: To address this, we investigate protein features underlying loss-of-function genetic variation and develop a machine learning method, MutPred-LOF, for the discrimination of pathogenic and tolerated variants that can also generate hypotheses on specific molecular events disrupted by the variant. We investigate a large set of human variants derived from the Human Gene Mutation Database, ClinVar and the Exome Aggregation Consortium. Our prediction method shows an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of 0.85 for all loss-of-function variants and 0.75 for proteins in which both pathogenic and neutral variants have been observed. We applied MutPred-LOF to a set of 1142 de novo vari3ants from neurodevelopmental disorders and find enrichment of pathogenic variants in affected individuals. Overall, our results highlight the potential of computational tools to elucidate causal mechanisms underlying loss of protein function in loss-of-function variants.
Availability and Implementation: http://mutpred.mutdb.org.
Contact: predrag@indiana.edu.

PMID: 28882004 [PubMed - in process]

Germline whole exome sequencing and large-scale replication identifies FANCM as a likely high grade serous ovarian cancer susceptibility gene.

Oncotarget. 2017 Aug 01;8(31):50930-50940

Authors: Dicks E, Song H, Ramus SJ, Oudenhove EV, Tyrer JP, Intermaggio MP, Kar S, Harrington P, Bowtell DD, Group AS, Cicek MS, Cunningham JM, Fridley BL, Alsop J, Jimenez-Linan M, Piskorz A, Goranova T, Kent E, Siddiqui N, Paul J, Crawford R, Poblete S, Lele S, Sucheston-Campbell L, Moysich KB, Sieh W, McGuire V, Lester J, Odunsi K, Whittemore AS, Bogdanova N, Dürst M, Hillemanns P, Karlan BY, Gentry-Maharaj A, Menon U, Tischkowitz M, Levine D, Brenton JD, Dörk T, Goode EL, Gayther SA, Pharoah DPP

Abstract
We analyzed whole exome sequencing data in germline DNA from 412 high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas Project and identified 5,517 genes harboring a predicted deleterious germline coding mutation in at least one HGSOC case. Gene-set enrichment analysis showed enrichment for genes involved in DNA repair (p = 1.8×10(-3)). Twelve DNA repair genes - APEX1, APLF, ATX, EME1, FANCL, FANCM, MAD2L2, PARP2, PARP3, POLN, RAD54L and SMUG1 - were prioritized for targeted sequencing in up to 3,107 HGSOC cases, 1,491 cases of other epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) subtypes and 3,368 unaffected controls of European origin. We estimated mutation prevalence for each gene and tested for associations with disease risk. Mutations were identified in both cases and controls in all genes except MAD2L2, where we found no evidence of mutations in controls. In FANCM we observed a higher mutation frequency in HGSOC cases compared to controls (29/3,107 cases, 0.96 percent; 13/3,368 controls, 0.38 percent; P=0.008) with little evidence for association with other subtypes (6/1,491, 0.40 percent; P=0.82). The relative risk of HGSOC associated with deleterious FANCM mutations was estimated to be 2.5 (95% CI 1.3 - 5.0; P=0.006). In summary, whole exome sequencing of EOC cases with large-scale replication in case-control studies has identified FANCM as a likely novel susceptibility gene for HGSOC, with mutations associated with a moderate increase in risk. These data may have clinical implications for risk prediction and prevention approaches for high-grade serous ovarian cancer in the future and a significant impact on reducing disease mortality.

PMID: 28881617 [PubMed - in process]

Recessively Inherited LRBA Mutations Cause Autoimmunity Presenting as Neonatal Diabetes.

Diabetes. 2017 Aug;66(8):2316-2322

Authors: Johnson MB, De Franco E, Lango Allen H, Al Senani A, Elbarbary N, Siklar Z, Berberoglu M, Imane Z, Haghighi A, Razavi Z, Ullah I, Alyaarubi S, Gardner D, Ellard S, Hattersley AT, Flanagan SE

Abstract
Young-onset autoimmune diabetes associated with additional autoimmunity usually reflects a polygenic predisposition, but rare cases result from monogenic autoimmunity. Diagnosing monogenic autoimmunity is crucial for patients' prognosis and clinical management. We sought to identify novel genetic causes of autoimmunity presenting with neonatal diabetes (NDM) (diagnosis <6 months). We performed exome sequencing in a patient with NDM and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome and his unrelated, unaffected parents and identified compound heterozygous null mutations in LRBA Biallelic LRBA mutations cause common variable immunodeficiency-8; however, NDM has not been confirmed in this disorder. We sequenced LRBA in 169 additional patients with diabetes diagnosed <1 year without mutations in the 24 known NDM genes. We identified recessive null mutations in 8 additional probands, of which, 3 had NDM (<6 months). Diabetes was the presenting feature in 6 of 9 probands. Six of 17 (35%) patients born to consanguineous parents and with additional early-onset autoimmunity had recessive LRBA mutations. LRBA testing should be considered in patients with diabetes diagnosed <12 months, particularly if they have additional autoimmunity or are born to consanguineous parents. A genetic diagnosis is important as it can enable personalized therapy with abatacept, a CTLA-4 mimetic, and inform genetic counseling.

PMID: 28473463 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Exome-wide association study reveals novel susceptibility genes to sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy.

PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0172995

Authors: Esslinger U, Garnier S, Korniat A, Proust C, Kararigas G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Empana JP, Morley MP, Perret C, Stark K, Bick AG, Prasad SK, Kriebel J, Li J, Tiret L, Strauch K, O'Regan DP, Marguiles KB, Seidman JG, Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P, Jouven X, Hengstenberg C, Komajda M, Hakonarson H, Isnard R, Arbustini E, Grallert H, Cook SA, Seidman CE, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Cappola TP, Charron P, Cambien F, Villard E

Abstract
AIMS: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an important cause of heart failure with a strong familial component. We performed an exome-wide array-based association study (EWAS) to assess the contribution of missense variants to sporadic DCM.
METHODS AND RESULTS: 116,855 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were analyzed in 2796 DCM patients and 6877 control subjects from 6 populations of European ancestry. We confirmed two previously identified associations with SNVs in BAG3 and ZBTB17 and discovered six novel DCM-associated loci (Q-value<0.01). The lead-SNVs at novel loci are common and located in TTN, SLC39A8, MLIP, FLNC, ALPK3 and FHOD3. In silico fine mapping identified HSPB7 as the most likely candidate at the ZBTB17 locus. Rare variant analysis (MAF<0.01) demonstrated significant association for TTN variants only (P = 0.0085). All candidate genes but one (SLC39A8) exhibit preferential expression in striated muscle tissues and mutations in TTN, BAG3, FLNC and FHOD3 are known to cause familial cardiomyopathy. We also investigated a panel of 48 known cardiomyopathy genes. Collectively, rare (n = 228, P = 0.0033) or common (n = 36, P = 0.019) variants with elevated in silico severity scores were associated with DCM, indicating that the spectrum of genes contributing to sporadic DCM extends beyond those identified here.
CONCLUSION: We identified eight loci independently associated with sporadic DCM. The functions of the best candidate genes at these loci suggest that proteostasis regulation might play a role in DCM pathophysiology.

PMID: 28296976 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Next-Generation Sequencing.

Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;943:119-148

Authors: Le Gallo M, Lozy F, Bell DW

Abstract
Endometrial cancers are the most frequently diagnosed gynecological malignancy and were expected to be the seventh leading cause of cancer death among American women in 2015. The majority of endometrial cancers are of serous or endometrioid histology. Most human tumors, including endometrial tumors, are driven by the acquisition of pathogenic mutations in cancer genes. Thus, the identification of somatic mutations within tumor genomes is an entry point toward cancer gene discovery. However, efforts to pinpoint somatic mutations in human cancers have, until recently, relied on high-throughput sequencing of single genes or gene families using Sanger sequencing. Although this approach has been fruitful, the cost and throughput of Sanger sequencing generally prohibits systematic sequencing of the ~22,000 genes that make up the exome. The recent development of next-generation sequencing technologies changed this paradigm by providing the capability to rapidly sequence exomes, transcriptomes, and genomes at relatively low cost. Remarkably, the application of this technology to catalog the mutational landscapes of endometrial tumor exomes, transcriptomes, and genomes has revealed, for the first time, that serous and endometrioid endometrial cancers can be classified into four distinct molecular subgroups. In this chapter, we overview the characteristic genomic features of each subgroup and discuss the known and putative cancer genes that have emerged from next-generation sequencing of endometrial carcinomas.

PMID: 27910067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Autosomal dominant calpainopathy due to heterozygous CAPN3 c.643_663del21.

Muscle Nerve. 2017 Sep 07;:

Authors: Martinez-Thompson JM, Niu Z, Tracy JA, Moore SA, Swenson A, Wieben ED, Milone M

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: A calpain-3 (CAPN3) gene heterozygous deletion (c.643_663del21) was recently linked to autosomal dominant (AD) limb girdle muscular dystrophy. However, the possibility of digenic disease was raised. We describe three families with AD calpainopathy carrying this isolated mutation.
METHODS: Probands heterozygous for CAPN3 c.643_663del21 were identified by targeted next generation or whole exome sequencing. Clinical findings were collected for probands and families. Calpain-3 muscle western blots were performed in three unrelated individuals.
RESULTS: Probands reported variable weakness in their 40s-50s with myalgia, back pain or hyperlordosis. Pelvic girdle muscles were affected with adductor and hamstring sparing. CK was normal-1,800 U/L independent of weakness severity. Imaging demonstrated lumbar paraspinal muscle atrophy. EMG and muscle biopsies were normal to mildly myopathic. Muscle calpain-3 expression was reduced.
DISCUSSION: This study provides further evidence for AD calpainopathy associated with CAPN3 c.643_663del21. No pathogenic variants in other genes known to cause myopathy were detected. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID: 28881388 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Expansion and further delineation of the SETD5 phenotype leading to global developmental delay, variable dysmorphic features, and reduced penetrance.

Clin Genet. 2017 Sep 07;:

Authors: Powis Z, Farwell Hagman KD, Mroske C, McWalter K, Cohen JS, Colombo R, Serretti A, Fatemi A, David KL, Reynolds J, Immken LD, Nagakura H, Cunniff C, Payne K, Barbaro-Dieber T, Gripp KW, Baker L, Stamper T, Aleck KA, Jordan ES, Hersh J, Burton J, Wentzensen IM, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Willaert R, Cho MT, Petrik I, Huether R, Tang S

Abstract
Diagnostic exome sequencing (DES) has aided delineation of the phenotypic spectrum of rare genetic etiologies of intellectual disability (ID). A SETD5 phenotype of ID and dysmorphic features has been previously described in relation to patients with 3p25.3 deletions and in a few individuals with de novo sequence alterations. Herein, we present additional patients with pathogenic SETD5 sequence alterations. The majority of patients in this cohort and previously reported have developmental delay, behavioral/psychiatric issues, and variable hand and skeletal abnormalities. We also present an apparently unaffected carrier mother of an affected individual and a carrier mother with normal intelligence and affected twin sons. We suggest that the phenotype of SETD5 is more complex and variable than previously presented. Therefore, many features and presentations need to be considered when evaluating a patient for SETD5 alterations through DES.

PMID: 28881385 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Exome sequences versus sequential gene testing in the UK highly specialised Service for Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy.

Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2017 Sep 06;12(1):151

Authors: Harris E, Topf A, Barresi R, Hudson J, Powell H, Tellez J, Hicks D, Porter A, Bertoli M, Evangelista T, Marini-Betollo C, Magnússon Ó, Lek M, MacArthur D, Bushby K, Lochmüller H, Straub V

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Limb girdle muscular dystrophies are a group of rare and genetically heterogeneous diseases that share proximal weakness as a common feature; however they are often lacking very specific phenotypic features to allow an accurate differential diagnosis based on the clinical signs only, limiting the diagnostic rate using phenotype driven genetic testing. Next generation sequencing provides an opportunity to obtain molecular diagnoses for undiagnosed patients, as well as identifying novel genetic causes of muscle diseases. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on 104 affected individuals from 75 families in who standard gene by gene testing had not yielded a diagnosis. For comparison we also evaluated the diagnostic rate using sequential gene by gene testing for 91 affected individuals from 84 families over a 2 year period.
RESULTS: Patients selected for WES had undergone more extensive prior testing than those undergoing standard genetic testing and on average had had 8 genes screened already. In this extensively investigated cohort WES identified the genetic diagnosis in 28 families (28/75, 37%), including the identification of the novel gene ZAK and two unpublished genes. WES of a single affected individual with sporadic disease yielded a diagnosis in 13/38 (34%) of cases. In comparison, conventional gene by gene testing provided a genetic diagnosis in 28/84 (33%) families. Titinopathies and collagen VI related dystrophy were the most frequent diagnoses made by WES. Reasons why mutations in known genes were not identified previously included atypical phenotypes, reassignment of pathogenicity of variants, and in one individual mosaicism for a COL6A1 mutation which was undetected by prior direct sequencing.
CONCLUSION: WES was able to overcome many limitations of standard testing and achieved a higher rate of diagnosis than standard testing even in this cohort of extensively investigated patients. Earlier application of WES is therefore likely to yield an even higher diagnostic rate. We obtained a high diagnosis rate in simplex cases and therefore such individuals should be included in exome or genome sequencing projects. Disease due to somatic mosaicism may be increasingly recognised due to the increased sensitivity of next generation sequencing techniques to detect low level mosaicism.

PMID: 28877744 [PubMed - in process]

Comprehensive investigation of CASK mutations and other genetic etiologies in 41 patients with intellectual disability and microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH).

PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0181791

Authors: Hayashi S, Uehara DT, Tanimoto K, Mizuno S, Chinen Y, Fukumura S, Takanashi JI, Osaka H, Okamoto N, Inazawa J

Abstract
The CASK gene (Xp11.4) is highly expressed in the mammalian nervous system and plays several roles in neural development and synaptic function. Loss-of-function mutations of CASK are associated with intellectual disability and microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia (MICPCH), especially in females. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of 41 MICPCH patients, analyzed by mutational search of CASK and screening of candidate genes using an SNP array, targeted resequencing and whole-exome sequencing (WES). In total, we identified causative or candidate genomic aberrations in 37 of the 41 cases (90.2%). CASK aberrations including a rare mosaic mutation in a male patient, were found in 32 cases, and a mutation in ITPR1, another known gene in which mutations are causative for MICPCH, was found in one case. We also found aberrations involving genes other than CASK, such as HDAC2, MARCKS, and possibly HS3ST5, which may be associated with MICPCH. Moreover, the targeted resequencing screening detected heterozygous variants in RELN in two cases, of uncertain pathogenicity, and WES analysis suggested that concurrent mutations of both DYNC1H1 and DCTN1 in one case could lead to MICPCH. Our results not only identified the etiology of MICPCH in nearly all the investigated patients but also suggest that MICPCH is a genetically heterogeneous condition, in which CASK inactivating mutations appear to account for the majority of cases.

PMID: 28783747 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

De Novo Mutations in YWHAG Cause Early-Onset Epilepsy.

Am J Hum Genet. 2017 Aug 03;101(2):300-310

Authors: Guella I, McKenzie MB, Evans DM, Buerki SE, Toyota EB, Van Allen MI, Epilepsy Genomics Study, Suri M, Elmslie F, Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, Simon MEH, van Gassen KLI, Héron D, Keren B, Nava C, Connolly MB, Demos M, Farrer MJ

Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing has revealed many de novo mutations in the etiology of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (EEs), highlighting their genetic heterogeneity. Additional candidate genes have been prioritized in silico by their co-expression in the brain. Here, we evaluate rare coding variability in 20 candidates nominated with the use of a reference gene set of 51 established EE-associated genes. Variants within the 20 candidate genes were extracted from exome-sequencing data of 42 subjects with EE and no previous genetic diagnosis. We identified 7 rare non-synonymous variants in 7 of 20 genes and performed Sanger sequence validation in affected probands and parental samples. De novo variants were found only in SLC1A2 (aka EAAT2 or GLT1) (c.244G>A [p.Gly82Arg]) and YWHAG (aka 14-3-3γ) (c.394C>T [p.Arg132Cys]), highlighting the potential cause of EE in 5% (2/42) of subjects. Seven additional subjects with de novo variants in SLC1A2 (n = 1) and YWHAG (n = 6) were subsequently identified through online tools. We identified a highly significant enrichment of de novo variants in YWHAG, establishing their role in early-onset epilepsy, and we provide additional support for the prior assignment of SLC1A2. Hence, in silico modeling of brain co-expression is an efficient method for nominating EE-associated genes to further elucidate the disorder's etiology and genotype-phenotype correlations.

PMID: 28777935 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Mutations in TRAPPC12 Manifest in Progressive Childhood Encephalopathy and Golgi Dysfunction.

Am J Hum Genet. 2017 Aug 03;101(2):291-299

Authors: Milev MP, Grout ME, Saint-Dic D, Cheng YH, Glass IA, Hale CJ, Hanna DS, Dorschner MO, Prematilake K, Shaag A, Elpeleg O, Sacher M, Doherty D, Edvardson S

Abstract
Progressive childhood encephalopathy is an etiologically heterogeneous condition characterized by progressive central nervous system dysfunction in association with a broad range of morbidity and mortality. The causes of encephalopathy can be either non-genetic or genetic. Identifying the genetic causes and dissecting the underlying mechanisms are critical to understanding brain development and improving treatments. Here, we report that variants in TRAPPC12 result in progressive childhood encephalopathy. Three individuals from two unrelated families have either a homozygous deleterious variant (c.145delG [p.Glu49Argfs(∗)14]) or compound-heterozygous variants (c.360dupC [p.Glu121Argfs(∗)7] and c.1880C>T [p. Ala627Val]). The clinical phenotypes of the three individuals are strikingly similar: severe disability, microcephaly, hearing loss, spasticity, and characteristic brain imaging findings. Fibroblasts derived from all three individuals showed a fragmented Golgi that could be rescued by expression of wild-type TRAPPC12. Protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to and through the Golgi was delayed. TRAPPC12 is a member of the TRAPP protein complex, which functions in membrane trafficking. Variants in several other genes encoding members of the TRAPP complex have been associated with overlapping clinical presentations, indicating shared and distinct functions for each complex member. Detailed understanding of the TRAPP-opathies will illuminate the role of membrane protein transport in human disease.

PMID: 28777934 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Impact of genetic variation on three dimensional structure and function of proteins.

PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0171355

Authors: Bhattacharya R, Rose PW, Burley SK, Prlić A

Abstract
The Protein Data Bank (PDB; http://wwpdb.org) was established in 1971 as the first open access digital data resource in biology with seven protein structures as its initial holdings. The global PDB archive now contains more than 126,000 experimentally determined atomic level three-dimensional (3D) structures of biological macromolecules (proteins, DNA, RNA), all of which are freely accessible via the Internet. Knowledge of the 3D structure of the gene product can help in understanding its function and role in disease. Of particular interest in the PDB archive are proteins for which 3D structures of genetic variant proteins have been determined, thus revealing atomic-level structural differences caused by the variation at the DNA level. Herein, we present a systematic and qualitative analysis of such cases. We observe a wide range of structural and functional changes caused by single amino acid differences, including changes in enzyme activity, aggregation propensity, structural stability, binding, and dissociation, some in the context of large assemblies. Structural comparison of wild type and mutated proteins, when both are available, provide insights into atomic-level structural differences caused by the genetic variation.

PMID: 28296894 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

M-CAP eliminates a majority of variants of uncertain significance in clinical exomes at high sensitivity.

Nat Genet. 2016 Dec;48(12):1581-1586

Authors: Jagadeesh KA, Wenger AM, Berger MJ, Guturu H, Stenson PD, Cooper DN, Bernstein JA, Bejerano G

Abstract
Variant pathogenicity classifiers such as SIFT, PolyPhen-2, CADD, and MetaLR assist in interpretation of the hundreds of rare, missense variants in the typical patient genome by deprioritizing some variants as likely benign. These widely used methods misclassify 26 to 38% of known pathogenic mutations, which could lead to missed diagnoses if the classifiers are trusted as definitive in a clinical setting. We developed M-CAP, a clinical pathogenicity classifier that outperforms existing methods at all thresholds and correctly dismisses 60% of rare, missense variants of uncertain significance in a typical genome at 95% sensitivity.

PMID: 27776117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Distinct genetic architectures for syndromic and nonsyndromic congenital heart defects identified by exome sequencing.

Nat Genet. 2016 Sep;48(9):1060-5

Authors: Sifrim A, Hitz MP, Wilsdon A, Breckpot J, Turki SH, Thienpont B, McRae J, Fitzgerald TW, Singh T, Swaminathan GJ, Prigmore E, Rajan D, Abdul-Khaliq H, Banka S, Bauer UM, Bentham J, Berger F, Bhattacharya S, Bu'Lock F, Canham N, Colgiu IG, Cosgrove C, Cox H, Daehnert I, Daly A, Danesh J, Fryer A, Gewillig M, Hobson E, Hoff K, Homfray T, INTERVAL Study, Kahlert AK, Ketley A, Kramer HH, Lachlan K, Lampe AK, Louw JJ, Manickara AK, Manase D, McCarthy KP, Metcalfe K, Moore C, Newbury-Ecob R, Omer SO, Ouwehand WH, Park SM, Parker MJ, Pickardt T, Pollard MO, Robert L, Roberts DJ, Sambrook J, Setchfield K, Stiller B, Thornborough C, Toka O, Watkins H, Williams D, Wright M, Mital S, Daubeney PE, Keavney B, Goodship J, UK10K Consortium, Abu-Sulaiman RM, Klaassen S, Wright CF, Firth HV, Barrett JC, Devriendt K, FitzPatrick DR, Brook JD, Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, Hurles ME

Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) have a neonatal incidence of 0.8-1% (refs. 1,2). Despite abundant examples of monogenic CHD in humans and mice, CHD has a low absolute sibling recurrence risk (∼2.7%), suggesting a considerable role for de novo mutations (DNMs) and/or incomplete penetrance. De novo protein-truncating variants (PTVs) have been shown to be enriched among the 10% of 'syndromic' patients with extra-cardiac manifestations. We exome sequenced 1,891 probands, including both syndromic CHD (S-CHD, n = 610) and nonsyndromic CHD (NS-CHD, n = 1,281). In S-CHD, we confirmed a significant enrichment of de novo PTVs but not inherited PTVs in known CHD-associated genes, consistent with recent findings. Conversely, in NS-CHD we observed significant enrichment of PTVs inherited from unaffected parents in CHD-associated genes. We identified three genome-wide significant S-CHD disorders caused by DNMs in CHD4, CDK13 and PRKD1. Our study finds evidence for distinct genetic architectures underlying the low sibling recurrence risk in S-CHD and NS-CHD.

PMID: 27479907 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The genomic landscape and evolution of endometrial carcinoma progression and abdominopelvic metastasis.

Nat Genet. 2016 Aug;48(8):848-55

Authors: Gibson WJ, Hoivik EA, Halle MK, Taylor-Weiner A, Cherniack AD, Berg A, Holst F, Zack TI, Werner HM, Staby KM, Rosenberg M, Stefansson IM, Kusonmano K, Chevalier A, Mauland KK, Trovik J, Krakstad C, Giannakis M, Hodis E, Woie K, Bjorge L, Vintermyr OK, Wala JA, Lawrence MS, Getz G, Carter SL, Beroukhim R, Salvesen HB

Abstract
Recent studies have detailed the genomic landscape of primary endometrial cancers, but the evolution of these cancers into metastases has not been characterized. We performed whole-exome sequencing of 98 tumor biopsies including complex atypical hyperplasias, primary tumors and paired abdominopelvic metastases to survey the evolutionary landscape of endometrial cancer. We expanded and reanalyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, identifying new recurrent alterations in primary tumors, including mutations in the estrogen receptor cofactor gene NRIP1 in 12% of patients. We found that likely driver events were present in both primary and metastatic tissue samples, with notable exceptions such as ARID1A mutations. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the sampled metastases typically arose from a common ancestral subclone that was not detected in the primary tumor biopsy. These data demonstrate extensive genetic heterogeneity in endometrial cancers and relative homogeneity across metastatic sites.

PMID: 27348297 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Use of targeted sequence capture and high-throughput sequencing identifies a novel PKD1 mutation involved in adult polycystic kidney disease.

Gene. 2017 Sep 01;:

Authors: Sha YK, Sha YW, Mei LB, Huang XJ, Wang X, Lin SB, Li L, Li P

Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common inherited disease that is characterized by a progressive development of renal cysts. Approximately 85% of PKD cases are due to mutations in the polycystin 1 (PKD1) gene. Here, we report a pedigree containing nine patients with autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD). Using targeted exome sequencing of PKD1 and PKD2 genes, we identified a novel heterozygous frameshift mutation c.3976_3977insCT (p.F1326Sfs*21) in the PKD1 gene that segregated between affected and unaffected family members. This mutation is currently not present in the 1000 Genomes Project nor ExAC databases and is therefore a novel PKD1 mutation involved in ADPKD. These results provide a novel sequence variant for the genetic analysis of this disease.

PMID: 28870863 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Identification of new susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes and shared etiological pathways with coronary heart disease.

Nat Genet. 2017 Sep 04;:

Authors: Zhao W, Rasheed A, Tikkanen E, Lee JJ, Butterworth AS, Howson JMM, Assimes TL, Chowdhury R, Orho-Melander M, Damrauer S, Small A, Asma S, Imamura M, Yamauch T, Chambers JC, Chen P, Sapkota BR, Shah N, Jabeen S, Surendran P, Lu Y, Zhang W, Imran A, Abbas S, Majeed F, Trindade K, Qamar N, Mallick NH, Yaqoob Z, Saghir T, Rizvi SNH, Memon A, Rasheed SZ, Memon FU, Mehmood K, Ahmed N, Qureshi IH, Tanveer-Us-Salam, Iqbal W, Malik U, Mehra N, Kuo JZ, Sheu WH, Guo X, Hsiung CA, Juang JJ, Taylor KD, Hung YJ, Lee WJ, Quertermous T, Lee IT, Hsu CC, Bottinger EP, Ralhan S, Teo YY, Wang TD, Alam DS, Di Angelantonio E, Epstein S, Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Young R, CHD Exome+ Consortium, Benn M, Frikke-Schmidt R, Kamstrup PR, EPIC-CVD Consortium, EPIC-Interact Consortium, Michigan Biobank, Jukema JW, Sattar N, Smit R, Chung RH, Liang KW, Anand S, Sanghera DK, Ripatti S, Loos RJF, Kooner JS, Tai ES, Rotter JI, Chen YI, Frossard P, Maeda S, Kadowaki T, Reilly M, Pare G, Melander O, Salomaa V, Rader DJ, Danesh J, Voight BF, Saleheen D

Abstract
To evaluate the shared genetic etiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and coronary heart disease (CHD), we conducted a genome-wide, multi-ancestry study of genetic variation for both diseases in up to 265,678 subjects for T2D and 260,365 subjects for CHD. We identify 16 previously unreported loci for T2D and 1 locus for CHD, including a new T2D association at a missense variant in HLA-DRB5 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.29). We show that genetically mediated increase in T2D risk also confers higher CHD risk. Joint T2D-CHD analysis identified eight variants-two of which are coding-where T2D and CHD associations appear to colocalize, including a new joint T2D-CHD association at the CCDC92 locus that also replicated for T2D. The variants associated with both outcomes implicate new pathways as well as targets of existing drugs, including icosapent ethyl and adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein.

PMID: 28869590 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

[A report of atypical hypomyelinating leukodystrophy with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum caused by a de novo mutation in tubulin beta 4A (TUBB4A) gene and literature review].

Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2017 Jun 01;56(6):433-437

Authors: Du Y, Li C, Guo J, Guo P, Li ZY, Zhang W

Abstract
Objective: To explore the clinical symptoms and neuroimaging features of a patient with atypical hypomyelinating leukodystrophy with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) caused by a novel TUBB4A mutation. Methods: We analyzed the clinical data, imaging features and the result of genetic testing of a case diagnosed as atypical H-ABC. Results: The initial symptoms were progressive spasticity, mild cerebellar ataxia and mild cognitive impairment. MRI showed regional blurring of slight high signal on T(2)-weight and FLAIR image in white matter of the bilateral midbrain ventral, internal capsule, posteior horn of lateral ventricle and centrum semiovale, with normal bilateral cerebellar and caudoputamen nucleus. Compared with normal subjects of the same age and gender, hypometabolism was found by (18)F-FDG-PET in brainstem, cerebellar and caudoputamen nucleus in the patient. Genetic testing revealed a de novo pathogenic exome missense heterozygous mutations c. 70G>A in TUBB4A, which was not reported in the human gene mutation database (HGMDpro) and was assessed to be a pathogenic mutation by pathogenic mutation prediction software. Conclusions: The diversity of TUBB4A gene mutations may cause different functional and/or structural impairment in subcortical white matter, cerebellar and caudoputamen nucleus, leading to atypical symptoms and neuroimaging features. Genetic testing for pathogenic mutation in TUBB4A gene is a key for the diagnosis of H-ABC.

PMID: 28592043 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A homozygous CEP135 mutation is associated with multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF).

Gene. 2017 Aug 30;:

Authors: Sha YW, Xu X, Mei LB, Li P, Su ZY, He XQ, Li L

Abstract
Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) is a rare disease associated with primary infertility; however, ~50% of the genetic alterations associated with MMAF remain unclear. Here, we reported the case of a 30-year-old infertile male from a consanguineous family. Whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous mutation in the CEP135 gene (c.A1364T:p.D455V), with CEP135 previously reported to play a role in centriole biogenesis and specifically central pair assembly. D455V-mutated proteins formed protein aggregates in the centrosome and the flagella, which might potentially affect the function of centriole assembly. Moreover, intracytoplasmic sperm injection was performed using sperm from this patient; however, pregnancy failed following embryo transfer. This represents the first report of a homozygous mutation of CEP135 associated with MMAF. These results provide researchers and clinicians with a deeper understanding of the gene involved with MMAF and will help predict and assess pregnancy outcomes associated with in vitro fertilization.

PMID: 28866084 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]