Autosomal Recessive Cardiomyopathy Presenting as Acute Myocarditis.

J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Apr 04;69(13):1653-1665

Authors: Belkaya S, Kontorovich AR, Byun M, Mulero-Navarro S, Bajolle F, Cobat A, Josowitz R, Itan Y, Quint R, Lorenzo L, Boucherit S, Stoven C, Di Filippo S, Abel L, Zhang SY, Bonnet D, Gelb BD, Casanova JL

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle that can follow various viral infections. Why children only rarely develop life-threatening acute viral myocarditis (AVM), given that the causal viral infections are common, is unknown. Genetic lesions might underlie such susceptibilities. Mouse genetic studies demonstrated that interferon (IFN)-α/β immunity defects increased susceptibility to virus-induced myocarditis. Moreover, variations in human TLR3, a potent inducer of IFNs, were proposed to underlie AVM.
OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the hypothesis that human genetic factors may underlie AVM in previously healthy children.
METHODS: We tested the role of TLR3-IFN immunity using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. We then performed whole-exome sequencing of 42 unrelated children with acute myocarditis (AM), some with proven viral causes.
RESULTS: We found that TLR3- and STAT1-deficient cardiomyocytes were not more susceptible to Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) infection than control cells. Moreover, CVB3 did not induce IFN-α/β and IFN-α/β-stimulated genes in control cardiomyocytes. Finally, exogenous IFN-α did not substantially protect cardiomyocytes against CVB3. We did not observe a significant enrichment of rare variations in TLR3- or IFN-α/β-related genes. Surprisingly, we found that homozygous but not heterozygous rare variants in genes associated with inherited cardiomyopathies were significantly enriched in AM-AVM patients compared with healthy individuals (p = 2.22E-03) or patients with other diseases (p = 1.08E-04). Seven of 42 patients (16.7%) carried rare biallelic (homozygous or compound heterozygous) nonsynonymous or splice-site variations in 6 cardiomyopathy-associated genes (BAG3, DSP, PKP2, RYR2, SCN5A, or TNNI3).
CONCLUSIONS: Previously silent recessive defects of the myocardium may predispose to acute heart failure presenting as AM, notably after common viral infections in children.

PMID: 28359509 [PubMed - in process]

Myopia and Late-Onset Progressive Cone Dystrophy Associate to LVAVA/MVAVA Exon 3 Interchange Haplotypes of Opsin Genes on Chromosome X.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017 Mar 01;58(3):1834-1842

Authors: Orosz O, Rajta I, Vajas A, Takács L, Csutak A, Fodor M, Kolozsvári B, Resch M, Sényi K, Lesch B, Szabó V, Berta A, Balogh I, Losonczy G

Abstract
Purpose: Rare interchange haplotypes in exon 3 of the OPN1LW and OPN1MW opsin genes cause X-linked myopia, color vision defect, and cone dysfunction. The severity of the disease varies on a broad scale from nonsyndromic high myopia to blue cone monochromatism. Here, we describe a new genotype-phenotype correlation attributed to rare exon 3 interchange haplotypes simultaneously present in the long- and middle-wavelength sensitive opsin genes (L- and M-opsin genes).
Methods: A multigenerational family with X-linked high myopia and cone dystrophy was investigated.
Results: Affected male patients had infantile onset myopia with normal visual acuity and color vision until their forties. Visual acuity decreased thereafter, along with the development of severe protan and deutan color vision defects. A mild decrease in electroretinography response of cone photoreceptors was detected in childhood, which further deteriorated in middle-aged patients. Rods were also affected, however, to a lesser extent than cones. Clinical exome sequencing identified the LVAVA and MVAVA toxic haplotypes in the OPN1LW and OPN1MW opsin genes, respectively.
Conclusion: Here, we show that LVAVA haplotype of the OPN1LW gene and MVAVA haplotype of the OPN1MW gene cause apparently nonsyndromic high myopia in young patients but lead to progressive cone-rod dystrophy with deuteranopia and protanopia in middle-aged patients corresponding to a previously unknown disease course. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the joint effect of these toxic haplotypes in the two opsin genes on chromosome X.

PMID: 28358949 [PubMed - in process]

Exome sequencing reveals novel IRXI mutation in congenital heart disease.

Mol Med Rep. 2017 Mar 30;:

Authors: Guo C, Wang Q, Wang Y, Yang L, Luo H, Cao XF, An L, Qiu Y, Du M, Ma X, Li H, Lu C

Abstract
Genetic variation in specific transcription factors during heart formation may lead to congenital heart disease (CHD) or even miscarriage. The aim of the present study was to identify CHD‑associated genes using next generation sequencing (NGS). The whole exome DNA sequence was obtained from a stillborn fetus diagnosed with tricuspid atresia and complete transposition of the great arteries using high‑throughput sequencing methods. Subsequently, genetic variants of CHD‑associated genes were selected and verified in 215 non‑syndromic CHD patients and 249 healthy control subjects using polymerase chain reaction combined with Sanger sequencing. Genetic variants of previously reported CHD‑inducing genes, such as cysteine rich with EGF like domains 1 and cbp/p300‑interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp rich carboxy‑terminal domain 2, were discovered through the NGS analysis. In addition, a novel non‑synonymous mutation of the iroquois homeobox 1 (IRX1) gene (p.Gln240Glu) was identified. A total of three non‑synonymous mutations (p.Gln240Glu, p.Ser298Asn and p.Ala381Glu) of the IRX1 gene were verified in 215 non‑syndromic CHD patients, but not in 249 healthy volunteers. The results demonstrated that NGS is a powerful tool to study the etiology of CHD. In addition, the results suggest that genetic variants of the IRX1 gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of CHD.

PMID: 28358424 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Novel splice-site mutation in TTLL5 causes cone dystrophy in a consanguineous family.

Mol Vis. 2017;23:131-139

Authors: Dias MS, Hamel CP, Meunier I, Varin J, Blanchard S, Boyard F, Sahel JA, Zeitz C

Abstract
PURPOSE: To report the clinical and genetic findings of one family with autosomal recessive cone dystrophy (CD) and to identify the causative mutation.
METHODS: An institutional study of three family members from two generations. The clinical examination included best-corrected Snellen visual acuity measurement, fundoscopy, the Farnsworth D-15 color vision test, a full-field electroretinogram (ERG) that incorporated the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standards and methodology, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and infrared (IR), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Genetic findings were achieved with DNA analysis using whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing.
RESULTS: The proband, a 9-year-old boy, presented with a condition that appeared to be congenital and stationary. The clinical presentation initially reflected incomplete congenital stationary night blindness (icCSNB) because of myopia, a decrease in visual acuity, abnormal oscillatory potentials, and reduced amplitudes on the 30 Hz flicker ERG but was atypical because there were no clear electronegative responses. However, no disease-causing mutations in the genes underlying icCSNB were identified. Following WES analysis of family members, a homozygous splice-site mutation in intron 3 of TTLL5 (c.182-3_182-1delinsAA) was found cosegregating within the phenotype in the family.
CONCLUSIONS: The distinction between icCSNB and CD phenotypes is not always straightforward in young patients. The patient was quite young, which most likely explains why the progression of the CD was not obvious. WES analysis provided prompt diagnosis for this family; thus, the use of this technique to refine the diagnosis is highlighted in this study.

PMID: 28356705 [PubMed - in process]

PKD2-Related Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Prevalence, Clinical Presentation, Mutation Spectrum, and Prognosis.

Am J Kidney Dis. 2017 Mar 26;:

Authors: Cornec-Le Gall E, Audrézet MP, Renaudineau E, Hourmant M, Charasse C, Michez E, Frouget T, Vigneau C, Dantal J, Siohan P, Longuet H, Gatault P, Ecotière L, Bridoux F, Mandart L, Hanrotel-Saliou C, Stanescu C, Depraetre P, Gie S, Massad M, Kersalé A, Séret G, Augusto JF, Saliou P, Maestri S, Chen JM, Harris PC, Férec C, Le Meur Y

Abstract
BACKGROUND: PKD2-related autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is widely acknowledged to be of milder severity than PKD1-related disease, but population-based studies depicting the exact burden of the disease are lacking. We aimed to revisit PKD2 prevalence, clinical presentation, mutation spectrum, and prognosis through the Genkyst cohort.
STUDY DESIGN: Case series, January 2010 to March 2016.
SETTINGS & PARTICIPANTS: Genkyst study participants are individuals older than 18 years from 22 nephrology centers from western France with a diagnosis of ADPKD based on Pei criteria or at least 10 bilateral kidney cysts in the absence of a familial history. Publicly available whole-exome sequencing data from the ExAC database were used to provide an estimate of the genetic prevalence of the disease.
OUTCOMES: Molecular analysis of PKD1 and PKD2 genes. Renal survival, age- and sex-adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate.
RESULTS: The Genkyst cohort included 293 patients with PKD2 mutations (203 pedigrees). PKD2 patients with a nephrology follow-up corresponded to 0.63 (95% CI, 0.54-0.72)/10,000 in Brittany, while PKD2 genetic prevalence was calculated at 1.64 (95% CI, 1.10-3.51)/10,000 inhabitants in the European population. Median age at diagnosis was 42 years. Flank pain was reported in 38.9%; macroscopic hematuria, in 31.1%; and cyst infections, in 15.3% of patients. At age 60 years, the cumulative probability of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was 9.8% (95% CI, 5.2%-14.4%), whereas the probability of hypertension was 75.2% (95% CI, 68.5%-81.9%). Although there was no sex influence on renal survival, men had lower kidney function than women. Nontruncating mutations (n=36) were associated with higher age-adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rates. Among the 18 patients with more severe outcomes (ESRD before age 60), 44% had associated conditions or nephropathies likely to account for the early progression to ESRD.
LIMITATIONS: Younger patients and patients presenting with milder forms of PKD2-related disease may not be diagnosed or referred to nephrology centers.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PKD2-related ADPKD typically present with mild disease. In case of accelerated degradation of kidney function, a concomitant nephropathy should be ruled out.

PMID: 28356211 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Exome sequencing for simultaneous mutation screening in children with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Int J Hematol. 2017 Mar 28;:

Authors: Mukda E, Trachoo O, Pasomsub E, Tiyasirichokchai R, Iemwimangsa N, Sosothikul D, Chantratita W, Pakakasama S

Abstract
In the present study, we used exome sequencing to analyze PRF1, UNC13D, STX11, and STXBP2, as well as genes associated with primary immunodeficiency disease (RAB27A, LYST, AP3B1, SH2D1A, ITK, CD27, XIAP, and MAGT1) in Thai children with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). We performed mutation analysis of HLH-associated genes in 25 Thai children using an exome sequencing method. Genetic variations found within these target genes were compared to exome sequencing data from 133 healthy individuals. Variants identified with minor allele frequencies <5% and novel mutations were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Exome sequencing data revealed 101 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in all subjects. These SNPs were classified as pathogenic (n = 1), likely pathogenic (n = 16), variant of unknown significance (n = 12), or benign variant (n = 72). Homozygous, compound heterozygous, and double-gene heterozygous variants, involving mutations in PRF1 (n = 3), UNC13D (n = 2), STXBP2 (n = 3), LYST (n = 3), XIAP (n = 2), AP3B1 (n = 1), RAB27A (n = 1), and MAGT1 (n = 1), were demonstrated in 12 patients. Novel mutations were found in most patients in this study. In conclusion, exome sequencing demonstrated the ability to identify rare genetic variants in HLH patients. This method is useful in the detection of mutations in multi-gene associated diseases.

PMID: 28353193 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Genetic Heterogeneity in Therapy-Naïve Synchronous Primary Breast Cancers and Their Metastases.

Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Mar 28;:

Authors: Bidard FC, Ng CK, Piscuoglio S, Geyer FC, Lim R, De Bruijn I, Shen R, Pareja F, Berman S, Wang L, Pierga JY, Vincent-Salomon A, Viale A, Norton L, Sigal B, Weigelt B, Cotu P, Reis-Filho JS

Abstract
PURPOSE: Paired primary breast cancers and metachronous metastases after adjuvant treatment differed in their clonal composition and genetic alterations, but it is unclear whether the differences stem from the selective pressures of the metastatic process, the systemic therapies or both. We sought to define the repertoire of genetic alterations in breast cancer patients with de novo metastatic disease who had not received local or systemic therapy.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Up to two anatomically distinct core biopsies of primary breast cancers and synchronous distant metastases from nine patients who presented with metastatic disease were subjected to high-depth whole-exome sequencing. Mutations, copy number alterations and their cancer cell fractions, and mutation signatures were defined using state-of-the-art bioinformatics methods. All mutations identified were validated with orthogonal methods.
RESULTS: Genomic differences were observed between primary and metastatic deposits, with a median of 60% (range 6%-95%) of shared somatic mutations. Whilst mutations in known driver genes including TP53, PIK3CA and GATA3 were preferentially clonal in both sites, primary breast cancers and their synchronous metastases displayed spatial intra-tumor heterogeneity. Likely pathogenic mutations affecting epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes, including SMAD4, TCF7L2 and TCF4 (ITF2), were found to be restricted to or enriched in the metastatic lesions. Mutational signatures of trunk mutations differed from those of mutations enriched in the primary tumor or the metastasis in six cases.
CONCLUSION: Synchronous primary breast cancers and metastases differ in their repertoire of somatic genetic alterations even in the absence of systemic therapy. Mutational signature shifts might contribute to spatial intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity.

PMID: 28351929 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Significance of lipoprotein(a) levels in familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease.

Atherosclerosis. 2017 Mar 18;260:67-74

Authors: Li S, Wu NQ, Zhu CG, Zhang Y, Guo YL, Gao Y, Li XL, Qing P, Cui CJ, Xu RX, Sun J, Liu G, Dong Q, Li JJ

Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are often characterized by premature coronary artery disease (CAD) with heterogeneity at onset. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] with the FH phenotype, genotype and roles of Lp(a) in determining CAD risk among patients with and without FH.
METHODS: We enrolled 8050 patients undergoing coronary angiography, from our Lipid clinic. Clinical FH was diagnosed using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria. Mutational analysis (LDLR, APOB, PCSK9) in definite/probable FH was performed by target exome sequencing.
RESULTS: Lp(a) levels were increased, with a clinical FH diagnosis (unlikely, possible, definite/probable FH) independent of the patients status, with Lp(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia [Lp(a)-HLP] (median 517.70 vs. 570.98 vs. 604.65 mg/L, p < 0.001) or without (median 89.20 vs. 99.20 vs. 133.67 mg/L, p < 0.001). Patients with Lp(a)-HLP had a higher prevalence of definite/probable FH than those without (6.1% vs. 2.4%, p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in Lp(a) was observed in patients with definite/probable FH phenotype carrying LDLR or LDLR-independent (APOB, PCSK9) or neither mutations (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that Lp(a) and FH phenotype were both significant determinants in predicting the early onset and severity of CAD. Subsequently, patients with Lp(a)-HLP in definite/probable FH increased significantly the CAD risk (all p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Lp(a) levels were higher in patients with FH phenotype than in those without, but no difference were found in FH patients of different mutated backgrounds. Moreover, Lp(a) and FH played a synergistic role in predicting the early onset and severity of CAD.

PMID: 28351002 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Stratification of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Combinatorial Genetic, Stromal, and Immunological Markers.

Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Mar 27;:

Authors: Knudsen E, Vail P, Balaji U, Ngo H, Botros IW, Makarov V, Riaz N, Balachandran VP, Leach SD, Thompson DM, Chan TA, Witkiewicz AK

Abstract
PURPOSE: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with an immunosuppressive milieu that supports immune system evasion and disease progression. Here, we interrogated genetic, stromal, and immunological features of PDAC to delineate impact on prognosis and to more effectively employ immunotherapy.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A cohort of 109 PDAC cases annotated for overall survival was utilized as a primary discovery cohort. Gene expression analysis defined immunological subtypes of PDAC that were confirmed in the Cancer Genome Atlas data set. Stromal and metabolic characteristics of PDAC cases were evaluated by histological analysis and immunostaining. Enumeration of lymphocytes, as well as staining for CD8, FOXP3, CD68, CD163, PDL1, and CTLA4 characterized immune infiltrate. Neo-antigens were determined by analysis of whole exome sequencing data. Random-forest clustering was employed to define multi-marker subtypes, with univariate and multivariate analyses interrogating prognostic significance.
RESULTS: PDAC cases exhibited distinct stromal phenotypes that were associated with prognosis, glycolytic and hypoxic biomarkers and immune infiltrate composition. Immune infiltrate was diverse among PDAC cases and enrichment for M2 macrophages and select immune checkpoints regulators were specifically associated with survival. Composite analysis with neo-antigen burden, immunological, and stromal features defined novel subtypes of PDAC that could have bearing on sensitivity to immunological therapy approaches. Additionally, a subtype with low levels of neo-antigens and minimal lymphocyte infiltrate was associated with improved survival.
CONCLUSIONS: The mutational burden of PDAC is associated with immunosuppressive mechanisms that are conditioned by the tumor stromal environment. The defined subtypes have significance for utilizing immunotherapy in the treatment of PDAC.

PMID: 28348045 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

CDK5RAP2 interaction with components of the Hippo signaling pathway may play a role in primary microcephaly.

Mol Genet Genomics. 2017 Apr;292(2):365-383

Authors: Sukumaran SK, Stumpf M, Salamon S, Ahmad I, Bhattacharya K, Fischer S, Müller R, Altmüller J, Budde B, Thiele H, Tariq M, Malik NA, Nürnberg P, Baig SM, Hussain MS, Noegel AA

Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is characterized by a substantial reduction in brain size but with normal architecture. It is often linked to mutations in genes coding for centrosomal proteins; however, their role in brain size regulation is not completely understood. By combining homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing in an MCPH family from Pakistan, we identified a novel mutation (XM_011518861.1; c.4114C > T) in CDK5RAP2, the gene associated with primary microcephaly-3 (MCPH3), leading to a premature stop codon (p.Arg1372*). CDK5RAP2 is a component of the pericentriolar material important for the microtubule-organizing function of the centrosome. Patient-derived primary fibroblasts had strongly decreased CDK5RAP2 amounts, showed centrosomal and nuclear abnormalities and exhibited changes in cell size and migration. We further identified an interaction of CDK5RAP2 with the Hippo pathway components MST1 kinase and the transcriptional regulator TAZ. This finding potentially provides a mechanism through which the Hippo pathway with its roles in the regulation of centrosome number is linked to the centrosome. In the patient fibroblasts, we observed higher levels of TAZ and YAP. However, common target genes of the Hippo pathway were downregulated as compared to the control with the exception of BIRC5 (Survivin), which was significantly upregulated. We propose that the centrosomal deficiencies and the altered cellular properties in the patient fibroblasts can also result from the observed changes in the Hippo pathway components which could thus be relevant for MCPH and play a role in brain size regulation and development.

PMID: 28004182 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Juvenile arthritis caused by a novel FAMIN (LACC1) mutation in two children with systemic and extended oligoarticular course.

Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2016 Nov 24;14(1):63

Authors: Kallinich T, Thorwarth A, von Stuckrad SL, Rösen-Wolff A, Luksch H, Hundsdoerfer P, Minden K, Krawitz P

Abstract
BACKGROUND: The pathophysiological origin of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is largely unknown. However, individuals with presumably pathogenic mutations in FAMIN have been reported, associating this gene with a rare subtype of this disorder. FAMIN, that is formerly also referred to as LACC1 or C13orf31, has recently been shown to play a crucial role in immune-metabolic functions and is involved in regulation of inflammasome activation and promotion of ROS production.
CASE PRESENTATION: We describe two siblings with severe familial forms of juvenile arthritis in which whole-exome-sequencing revealed a novel homozygous frameshift mutation (NM_153218.2:c.827delC¸. p.(T276fs*2) in FAMIN.
CONCLUSIONS: The observation of a new deleterious mutation adds further evidence that pathogenic mutations in FAMIN are causal for a monogenic form of JIA. Furthermore the associated phenotype is not restricted to systemic JIA, but can also be found in other forms of familial juvenile arthritis.

PMID: 27881174 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Genomic Landscape of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Japanese Population.

Gastroenterology. 2016 05;150(5):1171-82

Authors: Sawada G, Niida A, Uchi R, Hirata H, Shimamura T, Suzuki Y, Shiraishi Y, Chiba K, Imoto S, Takahashi Y, Iwaya T, Sudo T, Hayashi T, Takai H, Kawasaki Y, Matsukawa T, Eguchi H, Sugimachi K, Tanaka F, Suzuki H, Yamamoto K, Ishii H, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H, Yamazaki M, Tachimori Y, Kajiyama Y, Natsugoe S, Fujita H, Mafune K, Tanaka Y, Kelsell DP, Scott CA, Tsuji S, Yachida S, Shibata T, Sugano S, Doki Y, Akiyama T, Aburatani H, Ogawa S, Miyano S, Mori M, Mimori K

Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant form of esophageal cancer in Japan. Smoking and drinking alcohol are environmental risk factors for ESCC, whereas single nucleotide polymorphisms in ADH1B and ALDH2, which increase harmful intermediates produced by drinking alcohol, are genetic risk factors. We conducted a large-scale genomic analysis of ESCCs from patients in Japan to determine the mutational landscape of this cancer.
METHODS: We performed whole-exome sequence analysis of tumor and nontumor esophageal tissues collected from 144 patients with ESCC who underwent surgery at 5 hospitals in Japan. We also performed single-nucleotide polymorphism array-based copy number profile and germline genotype analyses of polymorphisms in ADH1B and ALDH2. Polymorphisms in CYP2A6, which increase harmful effects of smoking, were analyzed. Functions of TET2 mutants were evaluated in KYSE410 and HEK293FT cells.
RESULTS: A high proportion of mutations in the 144 tumor samples were C to T substitution in CpG dinucleotides (called the CpG signature) and C to G/T substitutions with a flanking 5' thymine (called the APOBEC signature). Based on mutational signatures, patients were assigned to 3 groups, which associated with environmental (drinking and smoking) and genetic (polymorphisms in ALDH2 and CYP2A6) factors. Many tumors contained mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle (TP53, CCND1, CDKN2A, FBXW7); epigenetic processes (MLL2, EP300, CREBBP, TET2); and the NOTCH (NOTCH1, NOTCH3), WNT (FAT1, YAP1, AJUBA) and receptor-tyrosine kinase-phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways (PIK3CA, EGFR, ERBB2). Mutations in EP300 and TET2 correlated with shorter survival times, and mutations in ZNF750 associated with an increased number of mutations of the APOBEC signature. Expression of mutant forms of TET2 did not increase cellular levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in HEK293FT cells, whereas knockdown of TET2 increased the invasive activity of KYSE410 ESCC cells. Computational analyses associated the mutations in NFE2L2 we identified with transcriptional activation of its target genes.
CONCLUSIONS: We associated environmental and genetic factors with base substitution patterns of somatic mutations and provide a registry of genes and pathways that are disrupted in ESCCs. These findings might be used to design specific treatments for patients with esophageal squamous cancers.

PMID: 26873401 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

FAM111B Mutation Is Associated With Inherited Exocrine Pancreatic Dysfunction.

Pancreas. 2016 07;45(6):858-62

Authors: Seo A, Walsh T, Lee MK, Ho PA, Hsu EK, Sidbury R, King MC, Shimamura A

Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Few genetic causes of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction have been described to date. We identified a family with multiple affected members manifesting exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Additional associated features included facial rash, sparse hair, hypohidrosis, and swelling of the extremities. The transmission pattern of these clinical features was consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The 2 proband siblings also had transient elevated liver transaminases with hepatic steatosis early in life. This study identifies the genetic cause of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction in this family.
METHODS: Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify the genetic cause of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction.
RESULTS: A heterozygous germline in-frame deletion in the gene FAM111B (c.1261_1263delAAG, p.Lys421del) cosegregated with the phenotype: the variant was present in all affected relatives genotyped and absent in all unaffected relatives genotyped. The variant is also absent from public control sequence databases.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings implicate FAM111B in autosomal dominantly inheritable exocrine pancreatic dysfunction.

PMID: 26495788 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Abnormal glycosylation in Joubert syndrome type 10.

Cilia. 2017;6:2

Authors: Kane MS, Davids M, Bond MR, Adams CJ, Grout ME, Phelps IG, O'Day DR, Dempsey JC, Li X, Golas G, Vezina G, Gunay-Aygun M, Hanover JA, Doherty D, He M, Malicdan MC, Gahl WA, Boerkoel CF

Abstract
BACKGROUND: The discovery of disease pathogenesis requires systematic agnostic screening of multiple homeostatic processes that may become deregulated. We illustrate this principle in the evaluation and diagnosis of a 5-year-old boy with Joubert syndrome type 10 (JBTS10). He carried the OFD1 mutation p.Gln886Lysfs*2 (NM_003611.2: c.2656del) and manifested features of Joubert syndrome.
METHODS: We integrated exome sequencing, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses of plasma and cultured dermal fibroblasts glycomes, and full clinical evaluation of the proband. Analyses of cilia formation and lectin staining were performed by immunofluorescence. Measurement of cellular nucleotide sugar levels was performed with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Statistical analyses utilized the Student's and Fisher's exact t tests.
RESULTS: Glycome analyses of plasma and cultured dermal fibroblasts identified abnormal N- and O-linked glycosylation profiles. These findings replicated in two unrelated males with OFD1 mutations. Cultured fibroblasts from affected individuals had a defect in ciliogenesis. The proband's fibroblasts also had an abnormally elevated nuclear sialylation signature and increased total cellular levels of CMP-sialic acid. Ciliogenesis and each glycosylation anomaly were rescued by expression of wild-type OFD1.
CONCLUSIONS: The rescue of ciliogenesis and glycosylation upon reintroduction of WT OFD1 suggests that both contribute to the pathogenesis of JBTS10.

PMID: 28344780 [PubMed - in process]

Leveraging blood serotonin as an endophenotype to identify de novo and rare variants involved in autism.

Mol Autism. 2017;8:14

Authors: Chen R, Davis LK, Guter S, Wei Q, Jacob S, Potter MH, Cox NJ, Cook EH, Sutcliffe JS, Li B

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorders, but underlying molecular mechanisms are still unresolved due to extreme locus heterogeneity. Leveraging meaningful endophenotypes or biomarkers may be an effective strategy to reduce heterogeneity to identify novel ASD genes. Numerous lines of evidence suggest a link between hyperserotonemia, i.e., elevated serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) in whole blood, and ASD. However, the genetic determinants of blood 5-HT level and their relationship to ASD are largely unknown.
METHODS: In this study, pursuing the hypothesis that de novo variants (DNVs) and rare risk alleles acting in a recessive mode may play an important role in predisposition of hyperserotonemia in people with ASD, we carried out whole exome sequencing (WES) in 116 ASD parent-proband trios with most (107) probands having 5-HT measurements.
RESULTS: Combined with published ASD DNVs, we identified USP15 as having recurrent de novo loss of function mutations and discovered evidence supporting two other known genes with recurrent DNVs (FOXP1 and KDM5B). Genes harboring functional DNVs significantly overlap with functional/disease gene sets known to be involved in ASD etiology, including FMRP targets and synaptic formation and transcriptional regulation genes. We grouped the probands into High-5HT and Normal-5HT groups based on normalized serotonin levels, and used network-based gene set enrichment analysis (NGSEA) to identify novel hyperserotonemia-related ASD genes based on LoF and missense DNVs. We found enrichment in the High-5HT group for a gene network module (DAWN-1) previously implicated in ASD, and this points to the TGF-β pathway and cell junction processes. Through analysis of rare recessively acting variants (RAVs), we also found that rare compound heterozygotes (CHs) in the High-5HT group were enriched for loci in an ASD-associated gene set. Finally, we carried out rare variant group-wise transmission disequilibrium tests (gTDT) and observed significant association of rare variants in genes encoding a subset of the serotonin pathway with ASD.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified USP15 as a novel gene implicated in ASD based on recurrent DNVs. It also demonstrates the potential value of 5-HT as an effective endophenotype for gene discovery in ASD, and the effectiveness of this strategy needs to be further explored in studies of larger sample sizes.

PMID: 28344757 [PubMed - in process]

Identification of a novel DMD duplication identified by a combination of MLPA and targeted exome sequencing.

Mol Cytogenet. 2017;10:8

Authors: Wu B, Wang L, Dong T, Jin J, Lu Y, Wu H, Luo Y, Shan X

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive muscle-wasting disease caused by a mutation in the DMD gene. The aim of this study was to identify a de novo mutation of the DMD gene in the family of a 9-month-old Chinese male patient, as well as to describe the phenotypic characteristics of this patient.
RESULTS: The patient was suspected to suffer from DMD according to physical examination, biochemical analyses, and electromyogram. We identified a duplication of exons 4-42 in DMD gene with targeted exome sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). In addition, the patient's mother was a carrier of the same mutation.
CONCLUSIONS: We identified a de novo duplication of exons 4-42 in a patient with early stage DMD. The discovery of this mutation may provide insights into future investigations.

PMID: 28344651 [PubMed - in process]

Global developmental delay and intellectual disability associated with a de novo TOP2B mutation.

Clin Chim Acta. 2017 Mar 23;:

Authors: Lam CW, Yeung WL, Law CY

Abstract
BACKGROUND: More than 100 genes had been identified for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). With the advancement of whole-exome/genome sequencing (WES/WGS), disease-causing gene in ASD can be identified in a holistic and unbiased approach. The identification of new ASD genes can further explore the molecular basis of ASD.
METHODS: We report a 15yo girl with developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, microcephaly and autistic feature. She first presented at 6months old with primitive response to noise. Physical examination showed the patient was hypotonic despite normal muscle power and reflexes. She also had progressive microcephaly. Developmental assessment at 6y showed the patient had a corresponding functional age of 1y. The patient also had autistic feature.
RESULTS: The patient had no abnormal biochemical or radiological findings. To investigate the molecular basis of the clinical presentation, we applied clinical whole-exome sequencing (WES) for the proband and the family, and we identified a novel de novo heterozygous missense pathogenic variant, TOP2B: NM_001068.2:c.172C>T; NP_001059.2:p.His58Tyr. TOP2B encodes for the enzyme, topoisomerase II isoenzyme beta which is abundant in both developing and adult brain. Defect of topoisomerase is also known to cause ASD.
CONCLUSIONS: Using clinical WES, we were able to identify the disease-causing gene for this patient in a holistic approach and end the diagnostic odyssey with a therapeutic impact.

PMID: 28343847 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Improved full-length killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor transcript discovery in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques.

Immunogenetics. 2017 Mar 25;:

Authors: Prall TM, Graham ME, Karl JA, Wiseman RW, Ericsen AJ, Raveendran M, Alan Harris R, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Rogers J, O'Connor DH

Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) modulate disease progression of pathogens including HIV, malaria, and hepatitis C. Cynomolgus and rhesus macaques are widely used as nonhuman primate models to study human pathogens, and so, considerable effort has been put into characterizing their KIR genetics. However, previous studies have relied on cDNA cloning and Sanger sequencing that lack the throughput of current sequencing platforms. In this study, we present a high throughput, full-length allele discovery method utilizing Pacific Biosciences circular consensus sequencing (CCS). We also describe a new approach to Macaque Exome Sequencing (MES) and the development of the Rhexome1.0, an adapted target capture reagent that includes macaque-specific capture probe sets. By using sequence reads generated by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and MES to inform primer design, we were able to increase the sensitivity of KIR allele discovery. We demonstrate this increased sensitivity by defining nine novel alleles within a cohort of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM), a geographically isolated population with restricted KIR genetics that was thought to be completely characterized. Finally, we describe an approach to genotyping KIRs directly from sequence reads generated using WGS/MES reads. The findings presented here expand our understanding of KIR genetics in MCM by associating new genes with all eight KIR haplotypes and demonstrating the existence of at least one KIR3DS gene associated with every haplotype.

PMID: 28343239 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

De novo mutations in CBL causing early-onset paediatric moyamoya angiopathy.

J Med Genet. 2017 Mar 25;:

Authors: Guey S, Grangeon L, Brunelle F, Bergametti F, Amiel J, Lyonnet S, Delaforge A, Arnould M, Desnous B, Bellesme C, Hervé D, Schwitalla JC, Kraemer M, Tournier-Lasserve E, Kossorotoff M

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Moyamoya angiopathy (MMA) is characterised by a progressive stenosis of the terminal part of the internal carotid arteries and the development of abnormal collateral deep vessels. Its pathophysiology is unknown. MMA can be the sole manifestation of the disease (moyamoya disease) or be associated with various conditions (moyamoya syndrome) including some Mendelian diseases. We aimed to investigate the genetic basis of moyamoya using a whole exome sequencing (WES) approach conducted in sporadic cases without any overt symptom suggestive of a known Mendelian moyamoya syndrome.
METHODS: A WES was performed in four unrelated early-onset moyamoya sporadic cases and their parents (trios). Exome data were analysed under dominant de novo, autosomal recessive and X-linked hypotheses. A panel of 17 additional sporadic cases with early-onset moyamoya was available for mutation recurrence analysis.
RESULTS: We identified two germline de novo mutations in CBL in two out of the four trio probands, two girls presenting with an infancy-onset severe MMA. Both mutations were predicted to alter the ubiquitin ligase activity of the CBL protein that acts as a negative regulator of the RAS pathway. These two germline CBL mutations have previously been described in association with a developmental Noonan-like syndrome and susceptibility to juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML). Notably, the two mutated girls never developed JMML and presented only subtle signs of RASopathy that did not lead to evoke this diagnosis during follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that CBL gene screening should be considered in early-onset moyamoya, even in the absence of obvious signs of RASopathy.

PMID: 28343148 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

A Low-Frequency Inactivating Akt2 Variant Enriched in the Finnish Population is Associated With Fasting Insulin Levels and Type 2 Diabetes Risk.

Diabetes. 2017 Mar 24;:

Authors: Manning A, Highland HM, Gasser J, Sim X, Tukiainen T, Fontanillas P, Grarup N, Rivas MA, Mahajan A, Locke AE, Cingolani P, Pers TH, Viñuela A, Brown AA, Wu Y, Flannick J, Fuchsberger C, Gamazon ER, Gaulton KJ, Im HK, Teslovich TM, Blackwell TW, Bork-Jensen J, Burtt NP, Chen Y, Green T, Hartl C, Kang HM, Kumar A, Ladenvall C, Ma C, Moutsianas L, Pearson RD, Perry JR, Rayner NW, Robertson NR, Scott LJ, van de Bunt M, Eriksson JG, Jula A, Koskinen S, Lehtimäki T, Palotie A, Raitakari OT, Jacobs SB, Wessel J, Chu AY, Scott RA, Goodarzi MO, Blancher C, Buck G, Buck D, Chines PS, Gabriel S, Gjesing AP, Groves CJ, Hollensted M, Huyghe JR, Jackson AU, Jun G, Justesen JM, Mangino M, Murphy J, Neville M, Onofrio R, Small KS, Stringham HM, Trakalo J, Banks E, Carey J, Carneiro MO, DePristo M, Farjoun Y, Fennell T, Goldstein JI, Grant G, Hrabé de Angelis M, Maguire J, Neale BM, Poplin R, Purcell S, Schwarzmayr T, Shakir K, Smith JD, Strom TM, Wieland T, Lindstrom J, Brandslund I, Christensen C, Surdulescu GL, Lakka TA, Doney AS, Nilsson P, Wareham NJ, Langenberg C, Varga TV, Franks PW, Rolandsson O, Rosengren AH, Farook VS, Thameem F, Puppala S, Kumar S, Lehman DM, Jenkinson CP, Curran JE, Hale DE, Fowler SP, Arya R, DeFronzo RA, Abboud HE, Syvänen AC, Hicks PJ, Palmer ND, Ng MC, Bowden DW, Freedman BI, Esko T, Mägi R, Milani L, Mihailov E, Metspalu A, Narisu N, Kinnunen L, Bonnycastle LL, Swift A, Pasko D, Wood AR, Fadista J, Pollin TI, Barzilai N, Atzmon G, Glaser B, Thorand B, Strauch K, Peters A, Roden M, Müller-Nurasyid M, Liang L, Kriebel J, Illig T, Grallert H, Gieger C, Meisinger C, Lannfelt L, Musani SK, Griswold M, Taylor HA, Wilson G, Correa A, Oksa H, Scott WR, Afzal U, Tan ST, Loh M, Chambers JC, Sehmi J, Kooner JS, Lehne B, Cho YS, Lee JY, Han BG, Käräjämäki A, Qi Q, Qi L, Huang J, Hu FB, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Below JE, Aguilar D, Wong TY, Liu J, Khor CC, Chia KS, Lim WY, Cheng CY, Chan E, Tai ES, Aung T, Linneberg A, Isomaa B, Meitinger T, Tuomi T, Hakaste L, Kravic J, Jørgensen ME, Lauritzen T, Deloukas P, Stirrups KE, Owen KR, Farmer AJ, Frayling TM, O'Rahilly SP, Walker M, Levy JC, Hodgkiss D, Hattersley AT, Kuulasmaa T, Stančáková A, Barroso I, Bharadwaj D, Chan J, Chandak GR, Daly MJ, Donnelly PJ, Ebrahim SB, Elliott P, Fingerlin T, Froguel P, Hu C, Jia W, Ma RC, McVean G, Park T, Prabhakaran D, Sandhu M, Scott J, Sladek R, Tandon N, Teo YY, Zeggini E, Watanabe RM, Koistinen HA, Kesaniemi YA, Uusitupa M, Spector TD, Salomaa V, Rauramaa R, Palmer CN, Prokopenko I, Morris AD, Bergman RN, Collins FS, Lind L, Ingelsson E, Tuomilehto J, Karpe F, Groop L, Jørgensen T, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Kuusisto J, Abecasis G, Bell GI, Blangero J, Cox NJ, Duggirala R, Seielstad M, Wilson JG, Dupuis J, Ripatti S, Hanis CL, Florez JC, Mohlke KL, Meigs JB, Laakso M, Morris AP, Boehnke M, Altshuler D, McCarthy MI, Gloyn AL, Lindgren CM

Abstract
To identify novel coding association signals and facilitate characterization of mechanisms influencing glycemic traits and type 2 diabetes risk, we analyzed 109,215 variants derived from exome array genotyping together with an additional 390,225 variants from exome sequence in up to 39,339 normoglycemic individuals from five ancestry groups. We identified a novel association between the coding variant (p.Pro50Thr) in AKT2 and fasting insulin, a gene in which rare fully penetrant mutations are causal for monogenic glycemic disorders. The low-frequency allele is associated with a 12% increase in fasting plasma insulin (FI) levels. This variant is present at 1.1% frequency in Finns but virtually absent in individuals from other ancestries. Carriers of the FI-increasing allele had increased 2-hour insulin values, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio=1.05). In cellular studies, the AKT2-Thr50 protein exhibited a partial loss of function. We extend the allelic spectrum for coding variants in AKT2 associated with disorders of glucose homeostasis and demonstrate bidirectional effects of variants within the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT2.

PMID: 28341696 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]