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pharmacogenomics

These pubmed results were generated on 2018/03/06

PubMed comprises more than millions of citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

12 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. Click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results:

pharmacogenomics

These pubmed results were generated on 2018/03/03

PubMed comprises more than millions of citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

Synthesis, structural and antimicrobial studies of type II topoisomerase-targeted copper(II) complexes of 1,3-disubstituted thiourea ligands.

J Inorg Biochem. 2018 Jan 16;182:61-70

Authors: Bielenica A, Drzewiecka-Antonik A, Rejmak P, Stefańska J, Koliński M, Kmiecik S, Lesyng B, Włodarczyk M, Pietrzyk P, Struga M

Abstract
A series of Cu(II) complexes of 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylthiourea derivatives was synthesized. Their structural properties were investigated by spectroscopic techniques (infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance), as well as molecular modeling. All studied coordination compounds are mononuclear complexes containing two chelating ligands bonded to the metal cation via S and deprotonated N atoms. The new chelates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potency. The complex of 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiourea (3) presented the highest activity against Gram-positive pathogens, even stronger than the activity of its non-complexed counterpart and the reference drug. The compound also prevented the biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant and standard strains of staphylococcal cocci. The title derivatives were found to be effective inhibitors of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV isolated from Staphylococcus aureus. The binding modes of the ligand L3 with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV were presented.

PMID: 29499458 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Precision medicine in diabetes prevention, classification and management.

J Diabetes Investig. 2018 Mar 02;:

Authors: Xie F, Chan JCN, Ma RCW

Abstract
Diabetes has become a major burden of healthcare expenditure. Diabetes management following a uniform treatment algorithm is often associated with progressive treatment failure and development of diabetic complications. Recent advances in our understanding in the genomic architecture of diabetes and its complications have provided the framework for development of precision medicine to personalize diabetes prevention and management. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of diabetes and its complications. From a clinician's perspective, we attempted to provide a balanced perspective on the utility of genomic medicine in the field of diabetes. Using genetic information to guide management of monogenic forms of diabetes represents the best-known examples of genomic medicine for diabetes. While major strides have been made in genetic research for diabetes, its complications and pharmacogenetics, ongoing efforts are needed to translate these findings into practice by incorporating genetic information into risk prediction model for prioritization of treatment strategies as well as using multi-omic analysis to discover novel drug targets with companion diagnostics. Further research is also needed to ensure appropriate use of these information to empower individuals and healthcare professionals to make personalized decision for achieving optimal outcome. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID: 29499103 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Pharmacogenomics and the Placebo Response.

ACS Chem Neurosci. 2018 Mar 02;:

Authors: Hall KT, Loscalzo J, Kaptchuk T

Abstract
There is perhaps no more important time in the history of placebos to consider their role in clinical trials and in medicine. Increasingly well-designed pharmaceutical and academic clinical trials testing promising and established drug and surgical interventions have failed to "beat" the placebo response. The collateral damage resulting from these failures is staggering; novel treatments, many with compelling mechanisms of action and promising Phase 2 trial results, never reach the patient, adversely affecting small and large pharma alike. Recent evidence suggests that variability in placebo response may be attributed in part to genetic variation. Thus, having a better understanding of the genomic underpinnings of the placebo response, the "placebome", may pave the way to innovatively and more effectively use placebos in drug development.

PMID: 29498823 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Pharmacogenetics of Dopamine β-Hydroxylase in cocaine dependence therapy with doxazosin.

Addict Biol. 2018 Mar 02;:

Authors: Zhang X, Nielsen DA, Domingo CB, Shorter DI, Nielsen EM, Kosten TR

Abstract
The α1 -adrenergic antagonist, doxazosin, has improved cocaine use disorder (CUD) presumably by blocking norepinephrine (NE) stimulation and reward from cocaine-induced NE increases. If the NE levels for release were lower, then doxazosin might more readily block this NE stimulation and be more effective. The NE available for release can be lower through a genetic polymorphism in dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) (C-1021T, rs1611115), which reduces DβH's conversion of dopamine to NE. We hypothesize that doxazosin would be more effective in CUD patients who have these genetically lower DβH levels. This 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial included 76 CUD patients: 49 with higher DβH levels from the DBH CC genotype and 27 with lower DβH levels from T-allele carriers (CT or TT). Patients were randomized to doxazosin (8 mg/day, N = 47) or placebo (N = 29) and followed with thrice weekly urine toxicology and once weekly cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Cocaine use was reduced at a higher rate among patients in the doxazosin than in the placebo arm. We found significantly lower cocaine use rates among patients carrying the T-allele (CT/TT) than the CC genotype. The percentage of cocaine positive urines was reduced by 41 percent from baseline in the CT/TT group with low DβH and NE levels, as compared with no net reduction in the CC genotype group with normal DβH and NE levels. The DBH polymorphism appears play an important role in CUD patients' response to doxazosin treatment, supporting a pharmacogenetic association and potential application for personalized medicine.

PMID: 29498170 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Navigating Transporter Sciences in Pharmacokinetics Characterization Using Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS).

Drug Metab Dispos. 2018 Mar 01;:

Authors: El-Kattan AF, Varma MVS

Abstract
Membrane transporters play an important role in the absorption, distribution, clearance and elimination (ADCE) of the drugs. Supported by the pharmacokinetics data in human, several transporters including organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3, organic anion transporter (OAT)1, OAT3, organic cation transporter (OCT)2, multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs), P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are suggested to be of clinical relevance. An early understanding of transporters role in the drug disposition and clearance allows reliable prediction/evaluation of the pharmacokinetic changes due to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) or genetic polymorphisms. We recently proposed extended clearance classification system (ECCS) based on simple drug properties (i.e., ionization permeability and molecular weight) to predict predominant clearance mechanism. According to this framework, systemic clearance of class 1B and 3B drugs is likely determined by the OATP-mediated hepatic uptake. Class 3A, 4 and certain class 3B drugs are predominantly cleared by renal, wherein, OAT1, OAT3, OCT2 and MATEs could contribute to their active renal secretion. Intestinal efflux and uptake transporters largely influence the oral pharmacokinetics of class 3A, 3B and 4 drugs. We discuss the paradigm of applying ECCS framework in mapping the role of clinically relevant drug transporters in early discovery and development; and thereby, implementing the right strategy to allow optimization of drug exposure and evaluation of clinical risk due to DDIs and pharmacogenomics.

PMID: 29496721 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Lung Disease and Genomics.

AACN Adv Crit Care. 2018;29(1):74-83

Authors: Wysocki K

Abstract
Research and application of genomic medicine in lung disease during the past century has clarified our understanding and focus on specific phenotypes, helping clinicians tailor treatment for individual patients. Cystic fibrosis and lung cancer have been researched extensively; specific genotypes have been instrumental in precision medicine to treat these lung diseases. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are more complex and heterogeneous in their pathogenesis, genotypic profile, and phenotypic expression, making treatment more difficult with increasing disease severity. This article focuses on the evolving state of the science of precision medicine in lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. The body of knowledge in lung disease is growing related to pharmacogenomics, clinical guidelines, genome editing, and approaches to genomic health that will guide clinical treatment options, reduce risk, and promote health.

PMID: 29496715 [PubMed - in process]

Pharmacogenomics in Critical Care.

AACN Adv Crit Care. 2018;29(1):36-42

Authors: Cheek D, Howington L

Abstract
Since the successful completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, extensive genomic research has continued to alter pathophysiology at the molecular level. This research includes investigation of the specific receptors and metabolizing enzymes in drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, specifically the cytochrome P450 system located primarily in the liver. In this article, pharmacogenomics and the role of the cytochrome P450 system in metabolism of various drugs are discussed. Specifically, drugs that are used in the critical care setting and are of clinical significance to the bedside critical care nurse are examined.

PMID: 29496712 [PubMed - in process]

Genomics and Precision Medicine: Implications for Critical Care.

AACN Adv Crit Care. 2018;29(1):28-35

Authors: Kessler C

Abstract
A new paradigm for disease diagnosis and treatment is emerging that will bring about changes in health care delivery in and out of the hospital setting. Over the past several decades, genomic medicine has been one of the fastest growing fields in acute and chronic health care. This quick growth has created a lag in genomics knowledge and preparation among nurses and health care providers. Genomic medicine may lead to more precise evaluation, diagnosis, and management of selected acute care conditions. This article reviews the current state of genetic and genomics science and looks at the expanding field of genomic medicine's integration into precision medicine. The aim of this article is to raise awareness and spark further inquiry to the remarkable field of genomics and precision medicine.

PMID: 29496711 [PubMed - in process]

CDX2 prognostic value in stage II/III resected colon cancer is related to CMS classification.

Ann Oncol. 2017 May 01;28(5):1032-1035

Authors: Pilati C, Taieb J, Balogoun R, Marisa L, de Reyniès A, Laurent-Puig P

Abstract
Background: Caudal-type homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) is involved in colon cancer (CC) oncogenesis and has been proposed as a prognostic biomarker in patients with stage II or III CC.
Patients and methods: We analyzed CDX2 expression in a series of 469 CC typed for the new international consensus molecular subtype (CMS) classification, and we confirmed results in a series of 90 CC.
Results: Here, we show that lack of CDX2 expression is only present in the mesenchymal subgroup (CMS4) and in MSI-immune tumors (CMS1) and not in CMS2 and CMS3 colon cancer. Although CDX2 expression was a globally independent prognostic factor, loss of CDX2 expression is not associated with a worse prognosis in the CMS1 group, but is highly prognostic in CMS4 patients for both relapse free and overall survival. Similarly, lack of CDX2 expression was a bad prognostic factor in MSS patients, but not in MSI.
Conclusions: Our work suggests that combination of the consensual CMS classification and lack of CDX2 expression could be a useful marker to identify CMS4/CDX2-negative patients with a very poor prognosis.

PMID: 28328000 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Translational Advances of Hydrofection by Hydrodynamic Injection.

Genes (Basel). 2018 Mar 01;9(3):

Authors: Sendra L, Herrero MJ, Aliño SF

Abstract
Hydrodynamic gene delivery has proven to be a safe and efficient procedure for gene transfer, able to mediate, in murine model, therapeutic levels of proteins encoded by the transfected gene. In different disease models and targeting distinct organs, it has been demonstrated to revert the pathologic symptoms and signs. The therapeutic potential of hydrofection led different groups to work on the clinical translation of the procedure. In order to prevent the hemodynamic side effects derived from the rapid injection of a large volume, the conditions had to be moderated to make them compatible with its use in mid-size animal models such as rat, hamster and rabbit and large animals as dog, pig and primates. Despite the different approaches performed to adapt the conditions of gene delivery, the results obtained in any of these mid-size and large animals have been poorer than those obtained in murine model. Among these different strategies to reduce the volume employed, the most effective one has been to exclude the vasculature of the target organ and inject the solution directly. This procedure has permitted, by catheterization and surgical procedures in large animals, achieving protein expression levels in tissue close to those achieved in gold standard models. These promising results and the possibility of employing these strategies to transfer gene constructs able to edit genes, such as CRISPR, have renewed the clinical interest of this procedure of gene transfer. In order to translate the hydrodynamic gene delivery to human use, it is demanding the standardization of the procedure conditions and the molecular parameters of evaluation in order to be able to compare the results and establish a homogeneous manner of expressing the data obtained, as 'classic' drugs.

PMID: 29494564 [PubMed]

Warfarin dosing according to the genotype-guided algorithm is most beneficial in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized parallel group trial.

Ther Drug Monit. 2018 Feb 27;:

Authors: Makar-Aušperger K, Krželj Cand Med K, Lovrić Benčić M, Radačić Aumiler M, Erdeljić Turk V, Božina N

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Observational studies have indicated potential benefits of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 guided dosing of warfarin but randomized clinical trials have resulted in contradictory findings. One of the reasons for contradiction may be the negligence of possible differences between warfarin indications. This study aims to determine efficacy and safety of genotype- and clinically guided dosing of warfarin in atrial fibrillation (AF), deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE) within the first five days after the introduction of therapy.
METHODS: In this single-center, single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial including patients of both sexes, ≥18 years of age, diagnosed with AF, DVT, or PE, a total of 205 consecutive patients were allocated into the group where warfarin therapy was genotype-guided (PHG), and where it was adjusted according to the clinical parameters (NPHG). Genotyping of CYP2C9*2, *3 and VKORC1 was performed using the Real-Time PCR method. The primary outcomes were the percentage of time in the therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) (2.0-3.0) range and the percentage of patients who achieved a stable anticoagulation defined as the INR (2.0-3.0) range in at least two consecutive measurements.
RESULTS: In patients with AF, the percentage of time spent in the therapeutic range of INR was higher in the PHG group (mean=26% (SD 25.0)), than in the NPHG group (mean=14% (SD 18.6)), (Δ=12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0-23; p=0.040). There was no significant difference in other two indications for warfarin treatment. A stable dose of warfarin was achieved in a statistically higher number of patients in the PHG group 14/30 (47%), than in the NPHG group 7/32 (22%) (OR=3.13, 95% CI 0.92-10.98; p=0.039).
CONCLUSION: CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype-guided dosing of warfarin may be beneficial in patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. There is no evidence for such conclusion in patients with DVT and PE.

PMID: 29494423 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

The use of pharmacogenomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics to improve childhood asthma management: Where do we stand?

Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018 Mar 01;:

Authors: Farzan N, Vijverberg SJ, Kabesch M, Sterk PJ, Maitland-van der Zee AH

Abstract
Asthma is a complex multifactorial disease and it is the most common chronic disease in children. There is a high variability in response to asthma treatment, even in patients with good adherence to maintenance treatment, and a correct inhalation technique. Distinct underlying disease mechanisms in childhood asthma might be the reason of this heterogeneity. A deeper knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms of asthma has led to the recent development of advanced and mechanism-based treatments such as biologicals. However, biologicals are recommended only for patients with specific asthma phenotypes who remain uncontrolled despite high dosages of conventional asthma treatment. One of the main unmet needs in their application is lack of clinically available biomarkers to individualize pediatric asthma management and guide treatment. Pharmacogenomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics are three omics fields that are rapidly advancing and can provide tools to identify novel asthma mechanisms and biomarkers to guide treatment. Pharmacogenomics focuses on variants in the DNA, epigenomics studies heritable changes that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence but lead to alteration of gene expression, and transcriptomics investigates gene expression by studying the complete set of mRNA transcripts in a cell or a population of cells. Advances in high-throughput technologies and statistical tools together with well-phenotyped patient inclusion and collaborations between different centers will expand our knowledge of underlying molecular mechanisms involved in disease onset and progress. Furthermore, it could help to select and stratify appropriate therapeutic strategies for subgroups of patients and hopefully bring precision medicine to daily practice.

PMID: 29493882 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

The mutational landscape of MYCN, Lin28b and ALKF1174L driven murine neuroblastoma mimics human disease.

Oncotarget. 2018 Feb 02;9(9):8334-8349

Authors: De Wilde B, Beckers A, Lindner S, Kristina A, De Preter K, Depuydt P, Mestdagh P, Sante T, Lefever S, Hertwig F, Peng Z, Shi LM, Lee S, Vandermarliere E, Martens L, Menten B, Schramm A, Fischer M, Schulte J, Vandesompele J, Speleman F

Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models have proven to be essential tools for unraveling fundamental aspects of cancer biology and for testing novel therapeutic strategies. To optimally serve these goals, it is essential that the mouse model faithfully recapitulates the human disease. Recently, novel mouse models for neuroblastoma have been developed. Here, we report on the further genomic characterization through exome sequencing and DNA copy number analysis of four of the currently available murine neuroblastoma model systems (ALK, Th-MYCN, Dbh-MYCN and Lin28b). The murine tumors revealed a low number of genomic alterations - in keeping with human neuroblastoma - and a positive correlation of the number of genetic lesions with the time to onset of tumor formation was observed. Gene copy number alterations are the hallmark of both murine and human disease and frequently affect syntenic genomic regions. Despite low mutational load, the genes mutated in murine disease were found to be enriched for genes mutated in human disease. Taken together, our study further supports the validity of the tested mouse models for mechanistic and preclinical studies of human neuroblastoma.

PMID: 29492199 [PubMed]

Comparison of TPMT and NUDT15 polymorphisms in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

World J Gastroenterol. 2018 Feb 28;24(8):941-948

Authors: Wang HH, He Y, Wang HX, Liao CL, Peng Y, Tao LJ, Zhang W, Yang HX

Abstract
AIM: To observe gene polymorphisms of TPMT and NUDT15, and compare their predictive value for azathioprine (AZA)-induced leukopenia in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
METHODS: This study enrolled 219 patients diagnosed with IBD in Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China from February 2016 to November 2017. Peripheral blood of all patients was collected to detect their genotypes of TPMT and NUDT15 by pyrosequencing at the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Hospital. Eighty patients were treated with AZA according to the disease condition. During the first month, patients who received AZA underwent routine blood tests and liver function tests once a week. The endpoint of the study was leukopenia induced by AZA. By analyzing patient characteristics, genotypes and leukopenia induced by drug use, we found the risk factors associated with AZA-induced leukopenia.
RESULTS: There were 219 patients with IBD (160 men and 59 women), including 39 who were confirmed with ulcerative colitis (UC), 176 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 4 with undetermined IBD (UIBD). There were 44 patients (20.1%) with mutant genotype of NUDT15 (C/T); among them, 16 received AZA, and 8 (50%) developed leukopenia. There were 175 patients (79.7%) with wild genotype of NUDT15 (C/C); among them, 64 received AZA, and 11 (17.2%) developed leukopenia. A significant difference was found between NUDT15 C/T and its wild-type C/C (P = 0.004). There were only 3 patients with TPMT mutant genotype of A/G (1.4%) who participated in the research, and 1 of them was treated with AZA and developed leukopenia. The remaining 216 patients (98.6%) were found to bear the wild genotype of TPMT (A/A); among them, 79 patients received AZA, and 18 (22.8%) developed leukopenia, and there was no significant difference from those with A/G (P = 0.071). The frequency of TPMT mutation was 1.4%, and NUDT15 mutation rate was significantly higher and reached 20.1% (P = 0.000). Therefore, NUDT15 gene polymorphism was obviously a better biomarker than TPMT gene polymorphism in the prediction of AZA-induced leukopenia.
CONCLUSION: Mutation rate of NUDT15 in Chinese IBD patients is higher than that of TPMT. NUDT15 polymorphism is a better predictor for AZA-induced leukopenia than TPMT polymorphism.

PMID: 29491687 [PubMed - in process]

COX2/PTGS2 Expression Is Predictive of Response to Neoadjuvant Celecoxib in HER2-negative Breast Cancer Patients.

Anticancer Res. 2018 Mar;38(3):1485-1490

Authors: DE Cremoux P, Hamy AS, Lehmann-Che J, Scott V, Sigal B, Mathieu MC, Bertheau P, Guinebretière JM, Pierga JY, Giacchetti S, Brain E, Marty M, Asselain B, Spyratos F, Bièche I

Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prognostic and predictive role of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX2) in breast cancer is still debated, and in particular, its role as a target of COX2 inhibitor (celecoxib) in neoadjuvant setting.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed a series of 156 breast cancer samples from patients of the COX2 inhibitor-treated arm included in the REMAGUS-02 randomized phase II trial. COX2 gene expression was assessed by reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction using ribonucleic acid from frozen biopsies. Pathological complete response (pCR) was the surrogate end-point.
RESULTS: Significantly higher rates of grade 3, and estrogen and progesterone receptor negativity were observed in tumors with the highest expression of COX2. pCR rates were significantly higher in COX2-overexpressing tumors in patients receiving celecoxib. The test for interaction between COX2 gene expression and the celecoxib effect was statistically significant (p<0.01), but was not retained in the multivariate analysis.
CONCLUSION: COX2 overexpression is predictive of pCR in patients with celecoxib-treated tumors. The efficacy of celecoxib in breast cancer might be improved by quantification of COX2 gene expression.

PMID: 29491076 [PubMed - in process]

Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in patients with African or Asian background.

Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2017 11 28;137(22):

Authors: Aambø A, Klemsdal TO

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Population groups of different ancestry appear to have varying prevalence of diabetes, different risks of developing cardiovascular disease and different responses to certain drugs that are used for these conditions. We wished to review the literature in this field.
MATERIAL AND METHOD: We have performed searches in several databases for systematic review articles published from the year 2000 onwards, and supplemented these with articles from reference lists, our own literature archives and a pyramid search in the Norwegian Electronic Health Library database. Altogether 37 articles were included.
RESULTS: With regard to diagnosed diabetes, the prevalence of coronary heart disease and stroke varies among groups of South Asian, East Asian, African and European ancestry. In patients of South Asian ancestry, the risk of coronary heart disease appears to be twice that of Europeans, and the disease occurs 5–10 years earlier. The prevalence of stroke is especially high in persons of African ancestry. Risk factors such as dyslipidemia and hypertension are distributed differently among these groups. The therapeutic response to drugs such as beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and various statins differs; for example, statin doses in Asians may often be halved in relation to those used for Caucasians, and ACE inhibitors are not recommended as monotherapy for hypertension in persons of African ancestry. These differences are partly attributable to variations in genetic disposition.
INTERPRETATION: The findings are clinically significant – better insight in this field enables optimal tailoring of treatment for each patient, with more rapid achievement of goals and reduced risk of adverse effects. The recommendations given in this article are consistent with and complement the Directorate of Health’s revised guidelines for the treatment of diabetes.

PMID: 29181932 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

S. aureus Evades Macrophage Killing through NLRP3-Dependent Effects on Mitochondrial Trafficking.

Cell Rep. 2018 Feb 27;22(9):2431-2441

Authors: Cohen TS, Boland ML, Boland BB, Takahashi V, Tovchigrechko A, Lee Y, Wilde AD, Mazaitis MJ, Jones-Nelson O, Tkaczyk C, Raja R, Stover CK, Sellman BR

Abstract
Clinical severity of Staphylococcus aureus respiratory infection correlates with alpha toxin (AT) expression. AT activates the NLRP3 inflammasome; deletion of Nlrp3, or AT neutralization, protects mice from lethal S. aureus pneumonia. We tested the hypothesis that this protection is not due to a reduction in inflammasome-dependent cytokines (IL-1β/IL-18) but increased bactericidal function of macrophages. In vivo, neutralization of AT or NLRP3 improved bacterial clearance and survival, while blocking IL-1β/IL-18 did not. Primary human monocytes were used in vitro to determine the mechanism through which NLRP3 alters bacterial killing. In cells treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting NLRP3 or infected with AT-null S. aureus, mitochondria co-localize with bacterial-containing phagosomes. Mitochondrial engagement activates caspase-1, a process dependent on complex II of the electron transport chain, near the phagosome, promoting its acidification. These data demonstrate a mechanism utilized by S. aureus to sequester itself from antimicrobial processes within the cell.

PMID: 29490278 [PubMed - in process]

Allelic variant in the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene associated with greater effect of liraglutide and exenatide on gastric emptying: A pilot pharmacogenetics study.

Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018 Feb 28;:

Authors: Chedid V, Vijayvargiya P, Carlson P, Van Malderen K, Acosta A, Zinsmeister A, Camilleri M

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Weight loss in response to the long-acting GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) analog, liraglutide, is correlated with delay in gastric-emptying (GE). The aim of this pilot study was to assess whether specific genetic variants in GLP1R or TCF7L2 are associated with delayed GE and weight loss in obese patients treated with liraglutide or the short-acting GLP-1 agonist, exenatide.
METHODS: We evaluated in obese individuals the associations of genetic variations of GLP1R (rs6923761) and TCF7L2 (rs7903146) on GE T1/2 and weight from two trials that evaluated separately exenatide, 5 μg BID for 30 days, or liraglutide, 3 mg daily for 5 weeks. Data were analyzed using the dominant genetic model and intention-to-treat analysis.
KEY RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between changes in weight and GE T1/2 (rs  = -.382, P = .004). GLP1R rs6923761 minor allele A (AA_AG) carriers who received either exenatide or liraglutide had greater delay in GE T1/2 relative to baseline (117.9 ± 27.5 [SEM] minutes and 128.9 ± 38.32 minutes) compared to GG genotype (95.8 ± 30.4 minutes and 61.4 ± 21.4 minutes, respectively; P = .11). There was a non-significant difference in weight loss based on GLP1R rs6923761 genotype after 5 weeks of treatment. There were no significant correlations with TCF7L2 (rs7903146) genotype.
CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: The minor A allele of GLP1R (rs6923761) is associated with greater delay in GE T1/2 in response to liraglutide and exenatide. These studies provide data to plan pharmacogenetics testing of the hypothesis that GLP1R (rs6923761) influences weight loss in response to GLP1R agonists.

PMID: 29488276 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]