Robust Web Image Annotation via Exploring Multi-facet and Structural Knowledge.

IEEE Trans Image Process. 2017 Jun 19;:

Authors: Hu M, Yang Y, Shen F, Zhang L, Shen HT, Li X

Abstract
Driven by the rapid development of Internet and digital technologies, we have witnessed the explosive growth of Web images in recent years. Seeing that labels can reflect the semantic contents of the images, automatic image annotation, which can further facilitate the procedure of image semantic indexing, retrieval and other image management tasks, has become one of the most crucial research directions in multimedia. Most of the existing annotation methods heavily rely on well-labeled training data (expensive to collect) and/or single view of visual features (insufficient representative power). In this paper, inspired by the promising advance of feature engineering (e.g., CNN feature and SIFT feature) and inexhaustible image data (associated with noisy and incomplete labels) on the Web, we propose an effective and robust scheme, termed Robust Multi-view Semi-supervised Learning (RMSL), for facilitating image annotation task. Specifically, we exploit both labeled images and unlabeled images to uncover the intrinsic data structural information. Meanwhile, to comprehensively describe an individual datum, we take advantage of the correlated and complemental information derived from multiple facets of image data (i.e. multiple views or features). We devise a robust pair-wise constraint on outcomes of different views to achieve annotation consistency. Furthermore, we integrate a robust classifier learning component via ℓ2,p loss, which can provide effective noise identification power during the learning process. Finally, we devise an efficient iterative algorithm to solve the optimization problem in RMSL. We conduct comprehensive experiments on three different datasets, and the results illustrate that our proposed approach is promising for automatic image annotation.

PMID: 28641261 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

NCBO Ontology Recommender 2.0: an enhanced approach for biomedical ontology recommendation.

J Biomed Semantics. 2017 Jun 07;8(1):21

Authors: Martínez-Romero M, Jonquet C, O'Connor MJ, Graybeal J, Pazos A, Musen MA

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ontologies and controlled terminologies have become increasingly important in biomedical research. Researchers use ontologies to annotate their data with ontology terms, enabling better data integration and interoperability across disparate datasets. However, the number, variety and complexity of current biomedical ontologies make it cumbersome for researchers to determine which ones to reuse for their specific needs. To overcome this problem, in 2010 the National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO) released the Ontology Recommender, which is a service that receives a biomedical text corpus or a list of keywords and suggests ontologies appropriate for referencing the indicated terms.
METHODS: We developed a new version of the NCBO Ontology Recommender. Called Ontology Recommender 2.0, it uses a novel recommendation approach that evaluates the relevance of an ontology to biomedical text data according to four different criteria: (1) the extent to which the ontology covers the input data; (2) the acceptance of the ontology in the biomedical community; (3) the level of detail of the ontology classes that cover the input data; and (4) the specialization of the ontology to the domain of the input data.
RESULTS: Our evaluation shows that the enhanced recommender provides higher quality suggestions than the original approach, providing better coverage of the input data, more detailed information about their concepts, increased specialization for the domain of the input data, and greater acceptance and use in the community. In addition, it provides users with more explanatory information, along with suggestions of not only individual ontologies but also groups of ontologies to use together. It also can be customized to fit the needs of different ontology recommendation scenarios.
CONCLUSIONS: Ontology Recommender 2.0 suggests relevant ontologies for annotating biomedical text data. It combines the strengths of its predecessor with a range of adjustments and new features that improve its reliability and usefulness. Ontology Recommender 2.0 recommends over 500 biomedical ontologies from the NCBO BioPortal platform, where it is openly available (both via the user interface at http://bioportal.bioontology.org/recommender , and via a Web service API).

PMID: 28592275 [PubMed - in process]

Building a semantic web-based metadata repository for facilitating detailed clinical modeling in cancer genome studies.

J Biomed Semantics. 2017 Jun 05;8(1):19

Authors: Sharma DK, Solbrig HR, Tao C, Weng C, Chute CG, Jiang G

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Detailed Clinical Models (DCMs) have been regarded as the basis for retaining computable meaning when data are exchanged between heterogeneous computer systems. To better support clinical cancer data capturing and reporting, there is an emerging need to develop informatics solutions for standards-based clinical models in cancer study domains. The objective of the study is to develop and evaluate a cancer genome study metadata management system that serves as a key infrastructure in supporting clinical information modeling in cancer genome study domains.
METHODS: We leveraged a Semantic Web-based metadata repository enhanced with both ISO11179 metadata standard and Clinical Information Modeling Initiative (CIMI) Reference Model. We used the common data elements (CDEs) defined in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data dictionary, and extracted the metadata of the CDEs using the NCI Cancer Data Standards Repository (caDSR) CDE dataset rendered in the Resource Description Framework (RDF). The ITEM/ITEM_GROUP pattern defined in the latest CIMI Reference Model is used to represent reusable model elements (mini-Archetypes).
RESULTS: We produced a metadata repository with 38 clinical cancer genome study domains, comprising a rich collection of mini-Archetype pattern instances. We performed a case study of the domain "clinical pharmaceutical" in the TCGA data dictionary and demonstrated enriched data elements in the metadata repository are very useful in support of building detailed clinical models.
CONCLUSION: Our informatics approach leveraging Semantic Web technologies provides an effective way to build a CIMI-compliant metadata repository that would facilitate the detailed clinical modeling to support use cases beyond TCGA in clinical cancer study domains.

PMID: 28583204 [PubMed - in process]

Increased in synthetic cannabinoids-related harms: Results from a longitudinal web-based content analysis.

Int J Drug Policy. 2017 Jun 01;44:121-129

Authors: Lamy FR, Daniulaityte R, Nahhas RW, Barratt MJ, Smith AG, Sheth A, Martins SS, Boyer EW, Carlson RG

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists (SCRA), also known as "K2" or "Spice," have drawn considerable attention due to their potential of abuse and harmful consequences. More research is needed to understand user experiences of SCRA-related effects. We use semi-automated information processing techniques through eDrugTrends platform to examine SCRA-related effects and their variations through a longitudinal content analysis of web-forum data.
METHOD: English language posts from three drug-focused web-forums were extracted and analyzed between January 1st 2008 and September 30th 2015. Search terms are based on the Drug Use Ontology (DAO) created for this study (189 SCRA-related and 501 effect-related terms). EDrugTrends NLP-based text processing tools were used to extract posts mentioning SCRA and their effects. Generalized linear regression was used to fit restricted cubic spline functions of time to test whether the proportion of drug-related posts that mention SCRA (and no other drug) and the proportion of these "SCRA-only" posts that mention SCRA effects have changed over time, with an adjustment for multiple testing.
RESULTS: 19,052 SCRA-related posts (Bluelight (n=2782), Forum A (n=3882), and Forum B (n=12,388)) posted by 2543 international users were extracted. The most frequently mentioned effects were "getting high" (44.0%), "hallucinations" (10.8%), and "anxiety" (10.2%). The frequency of SCRA-only posts declined steadily over the study period. The proportions of SCRA-only posts mentioning positive effects (e.g., "High" and "Euphoria") steadily decreased, while the proportions of SCRA-only posts mentioning negative effects (e.g., "Anxiety," 'Nausea," "Overdose") increased over the same period.
CONCLUSION: This study's findings indicate that the proportion of negative effects mentioned in web forum posts and linked to SCRA has increased over time, suggesting that recent generations of SCRA generate more harms. This is also one of the first studies to conduct automated content analysis of web forum data related to illicit drug use.

PMID: 28578250 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

"gnparser": a powerful parser for scientific names based on Parsing Expression Grammar.

BMC Bioinformatics. 2017 May 26;18(1):279

Authors: Mozzherin DY, Myltsev AA, Patterson DJ

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Scientific names in biology act as universal links. They allow us to cross-reference information about organisms globally. However variations in spelling of scientific names greatly diminish their ability to interconnect data. Such variations may include abbreviations, annotations, misspellings, etc. Authorship is a part of a scientific name and may also differ significantly. To match all possible variations of a name we need to divide them into their elements and classify each element according to its role. We refer to this as 'parsing' the name. Parsing categorizes name's elements into those that are stable and those that are prone to change. Names are matched first by combining them according to their stable elements. Matches are then refined by examining their varying elements. This two stage process dramatically improves the number and quality of matches. It is especially useful for the automatic data exchange within the context of "Big Data" in biology.
RESULTS: We introduce Global Names Parser (gnparser). It is a Java tool written in Scala language (a language for Java Virtual Machine) to parse scientific names. It is based on a Parsing Expression Grammar. The parser can be applied to scientific names of any complexity. It assigns a semantic meaning (such as genus name, species epithet, rank, year of publication, authorship, annotations, etc.) to all elements of a name. It is able to work with nested structures as in the names of hybrids. gnparser performs with ≈99% accuracy and processes 30 million name-strings/hour per CPU thread. The gnparser library is compatible with Scala, Java, R, Jython, and JRuby. The parser can be used as a command line application, as a socket server, a web-app or as a RESTful HTTP-service. It is released under an Open source MIT license.
CONCLUSIONS: Global Names Parser (gnparser) is a fast, high precision tool for biodiversity informaticians and biologists working with large numbers of scientific names. It can replace expensive and error-prone manual parsing and standardization of scientific names in many situations, and can quickly enhance the interoperability of distributed biological information.

PMID: 28549446 [PubMed - in process]

Semantic Technologies and Bio-Ontologies.

Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1617:83-91

Authors: Gutierrez F

Abstract
As information available through data repositories constantly grows, the need for automated mechanisms for linking, querying, and sharing data has become a relevant factor both in research and industry. This situation is more evident in research fields such as the life sciences, where new experiments by different research groups are constantly generating new information regarding a wide variety of related study objects. However, current methods for representing information and knowledge are not suited for machine processing. The Semantic Technologies are a set of standards and protocols that intend to provide methods for representing and handling data that encourages reusability of information and is machine-readable. In this chapter, we will provide a brief introduction to Semantic Technologies, and how these protocols and standards have been incorporated into the life sciences to facilitate dissemination and access to information.

PMID: 28540678 [PubMed - in process]

ODMSummary: A Tool for Automatic Structured Comparison of Multiple Medical Forms Based on Semantic Annotation with the Unified Medical Language System.

PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164569

Authors: Storck M, Krumm R, Dugas M

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Medical documentation is applied in various settings including patient care and clinical research. Since procedures of medical documentation are heterogeneous and developed further, secondary use of medical data is complicated. Development of medical forms, merging of data from different sources and meta-analyses of different data sets are currently a predominantly manual process and therefore difficult and cumbersome. Available applications to automate these processes are limited. In particular, tools to compare multiple documentation forms are missing. The objective of this work is to design, implement and evaluate the new system ODMSummary for comparison of multiple forms with a high number of semantically annotated data elements and a high level of usability.
METHODS: System requirements are the capability to summarize and compare a set of forms, enable to estimate the documentation effort, track changes in different versions of forms and find comparable items in different forms. Forms are provided in Operational Data Model format with semantic annotations from the Unified Medical Language System. 12 medical experts were invited to participate in a 3-phase evaluation of the tool regarding usability.
RESULTS: ODMSummary (available at https://odmtoolbox.uni-muenster.de/summary/summary.html) provides a structured overview of multiple forms and their documentation fields. This comparison enables medical experts to assess multiple forms or whole datasets for secondary use. System usability was optimized based on expert feedback.
DISCUSSION: The evaluation demonstrates that feedback from domain experts is needed to identify usability issues. In conclusion, this work shows that automatic comparison of multiple forms is feasible and the results are usable for medical experts.

PMID: 27736972 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A Web Based Tool to Enhance Monitoring and Retention in Care for Tuberculosis Affected Patients.

Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;237:204-208

Authors: Giannini B, Riccardi N, Di Biagio A, Cenderello G, Giacomini M

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is responsible for a global epidemic. TB treatment requires long-term therapy usually with multiple drugs, which have potential side effects and interactions that may influence patients' adherence to treatment. The TB Ge network is a multi-centric web based platform that collects clinical information of TB affected patients to increase their support and retention in care. The system stores the list of all tuberculosis episodes for each patient with the related data, starting from the first visit including follow-ups clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging and therapies. Data can be manually input through the web interface or can be automatically imported from hospitals Laboratory Information Systems without human intervention. Automatic data import enhances data reuse and prevents errors introduction and time wasting. The network is an implementation of the Healthcare Services Specification Project (HSSP), as the Retrieve, Locate, and Update Service (RLUS) is used to manage patients' data. Clinical data are shared through standard HL7 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) documents. Semantic interoperability is granted by the adoption of LOINC and ATC codes.

PMID: 28479569 [PubMed - in process]

Neuro-symbolic representation learning on biological knowledge graphs.

Bioinformatics. 2017 Apr 25;:

Authors: Alshahrani M, Khan MA, Maddouri O, Kinjo AR, Queralt-Rosinach N, Hoehndorf R

Abstract
Motivation: Biological data and knowledge bases increasingly rely on Semantic Web technologies and the use of knowledge graphs for data integration, retrieval and federated queries. In the past years, feature learning methods that are applicable to graph-structured data are becoming available, but have not yet widely been applied and evaluated on structured biological knowledge.
Results: We develop a novel method for feature learning on biological knowledge graphs. Our method combines symbolic methods, in particular knowledge representation using symbolic logic and automated reasoning, with neural networks to generate embeddings of nodes that encode for related information within knowledge graphs. Through the use of symbolic logic, these embeddings contain both explicit and implicit information. We apply these embeddings to the prediction of edges in the knowledge graph representing problems of function prediction, finding candidate genes of diseases, protein-protein interactions, or drug target relations, and demonstrate performance that matches and sometimes outperforms traditional approaches based on manually crafted features. Our method can be applied to any biological knowledge graph, and will thereby open up the increasing amount of SemanticWeb based knowledge bases in biology to use in machine learning and data analytics.
Availability and Implementation: https://github.com/bio-ontology-research-group/walking-rdf-and-owl.
Contact: robert.hoehndorf@kaust.edu.sa.
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID: 28449114 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

A Digital Framework to Support Providers and Patients in Diabetes Related Behavior Modification.

Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;235:589-593

Authors: Abidi S, Vallis M, Piccinini-Vallis H, Imran SA, Abidi SSR

Abstract
We present Diabetes Web-Centric Information and Support Environment (D-WISE) that features: (a) Decision support tool to assist family physicians to administer Behavior Modification (BM) strategies to patients; and (b) Patient BM application that offers BM strategies and motivational interventions to engage patients. We take a knowledge management approach, using semantic web technologies, to model the social cognition theory constructs, Canadian diabetes guidelines and BM protocols used locally, in terms of a BM ontology that drives the BM decision support to physicians and BM strategy adherence monitoring and messaging to patients. We present the qualitative analysis of D-WISE usability by both physicians and patients.

PMID: 28423861 [PubMed - in process]

An Approach for the Support of Semantic Workflows in Electronic Health Records.

Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;235:501-505

Authors: Schweitzer M, Hoerbst A

Abstract
With the unprecedented increase of healthcare data, technologies need to be both, highly efficient for the meaningful utilization of accessible data and flexible to adapt to future challenges and individual preferences. The OntoHealth system makes use of semantic technologies to enable flexible and individual interaction with Electronic Health Records (EHR) for physicians. This is achieved by the execution of formally modelled clinical workflows and the composition of Semantic Web Services (SWS). Several seamless components provide a service-oriented structure defined by individual designed EHR-workflows. This work gives an overview of the planned architecture and its main components. The architecture constitutes the basis for the prototype implementation of all components. With its highly dynamic structure based on SWS, the architecture will be able to cope with both, the individual users' needs as well as the quick evolving healthcare domain.

PMID: 28423843 [PubMed - in process]

Discovering Central Practitioners in a Medical Discussion Forum Using Semantic Web Analytics.

Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;235:486-490

Authors: Rajabi E, Abidi SSR

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate semantic web based methods to enrich and transform a medical discussion forum in order to perform semantics-driven social network analysis. We use the centrality measures as well as semantic similarity metrics to identify the most influential practitioners within a discussion forum. The centrality results of our approach are in line with centrality measures produced by traditional SNA methods, thus validating the applicability of semantic web based methods for SNA, particularly for analyzing social networks for specialized discussion forums.

PMID: 28423840 [PubMed - in process]

A Semantic Framework for Logical Cross-Validation, Evaluation and Impact Analyses of Population Health Interventions.

Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;235:481-485

Authors: Shaban-Nejad A, Okhmatovskaia A, Shin EK, Davis RL, Franklin BE, Buckeridge DL

Abstract
Most chronic diseases are a result of a complex web of causative and correlated factors. As a result, effective public health or clinical interventions that intend to generate a sustainable change in these diseases most often use a combination of strategies or programs. To optimize comparative effectiveness evaluations and select the most efficient intervention(s), stakeholders (i.e. public health institutions, policy-makers and advocacy groups, practitioners, insurers, clinicians, and researchers) need access to reliable assessment methods. Building on the theory of Evidence-Based Public Health (EBPH) we introduce a knowledge-based framework for evaluating the consistency and effectiveness of public health programs, interventions, and policies. We use a semantic inference model that assists decision-makers in finding inconsistencies, identifying selection and information biases, and with identifying confounding and hidden dependencies in different public health programs and interventions. The use of formal ontologies for automatic evaluation and assessment of public health programs improves program transparency to stakeholders and decision makers, which in turn increases buy-in and acceptance of methods, connects multiple evaluation activities, and strengthens cost analysis.

PMID: 28423839 [PubMed - in process]

Combining Archetypes, Ontologies and Formalization Enables Automated Computation of Quality Indicators.

Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;235:416-420

Authors: Legaz-García MDC, Dentler K, Fernández-Breis JT, Cornet R

Abstract
ArchMS is a framework that represents clinical information and knowledge using ontologies in OWL, which facilitates semantic interoperability and thereby the exploitation and secondary use of clinical data. However, it does not yet support the automated assessment of quality of care. CLIF is a stepwise method to formalize quality indicators. The method has been implemented in the CLIF tool which supports its users in generating computable queries based on a patient data model which can be based on archetypes. To enable the automated computation of quality indicators using ontologies and archetypes, we tested whether ArchMS and the CLIF tool can be integrated. We successfully automated the process of generating SPARQL queries from quality indicators that have been formalized with CLIF and integrated them into ArchMS. Hence, ontologies and archetypes can be combined for the execution of formalized quality indicators.

PMID: 28423826 [PubMed - in process]

Linked Data Applications Through Ontology Based Data Access in Clinical Research.

Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;235:131-135

Authors: Kock-Schoppenhauer AK, Kamann C, Ulrich H, Duhm-Harbeck P, Ingenerf J

Abstract
Clinical care and research data are widely dispersed in isolated systems based on heterogeneous data models. Biomedicine predominantly makes use of connected datasets based on the Semantic Web paradigm. Initiatives like Bio2RDF created Resource Description Framework (RDF) versions of Omics resources, enabling sophisticated Linked Data applications. In contrast, electronic healthcare records (EHR) data are generated and processed in diverse clinical subsystems within hospital information systems (HIS). Usually, each of them utilizes a relational database system with a different proprietary schema. Semantic integration and access to the data is hardly possible. This paper describes ways of using Ontology Based Data Access (OBDA) for bridging the semantic gap between existing raw data and user-oriented views supported by ontology-based queries. Based on mappings between entities of data schemas and ontologies data can be made available as materialized or virtualized RDF triples ready for querying and processing. Our experiments based on CentraXX for biobank and study management demonstrate the advantages of abstracting away from low level details and semantic mediation. Furthermore, it becomes clear that using a professional platform for Linked Data applications is recommended due to the inherent complexity, the inconvenience to confront end users with SPARQL, and scalability and performance issues.

PMID: 28423769 [PubMed - in process]

Improving data workflow systems with cloud services and use of open data for bioinformatics research.

Brief Bioinform. 2017 Apr 16;:

Authors: Karim MR, Michel A, Zappa A, Baranov P, Sahay R, Rebholz-Schuhmann D

Abstract
Data workflow systems (DWFSs) enable bioinformatics researchers to combine components for data access and data analytics, and to share the final data analytics approach with their collaborators. Increasingly, such systems have to cope with large-scale data, such as full genomes (about 200 GB each), public fact repositories (about 100 TB of data) and 3D imaging data at even larger scales. As moving the data becomes cumbersome, the DWFS needs to embed its processes into a cloud infrastructure, where the data are already hosted. As the standardized public data play an increasingly important role, the DWFS needs to comply with Semantic Web technologies. This advancement to DWFS would reduce overhead costs and accelerate the progress in bioinformatics research based on large-scale data and public resources, as researchers would require less specialized IT knowledge for the implementation. Furthermore, the high data growth rates in bioinformatics research drive the demand for parallel and distributed computing, which then imposes a need for scalability and high-throughput capabilities onto the DWFS. As a result, requirements for data sharing and access to public knowledge bases suggest that compliance of the DWFS with Semantic Web standards is necessary. In this article, we will analyze the existing DWFS with regard to their capabilities toward public open data use as well as large-scale computational and human interface requirements. We untangle the parameters for selecting a preferable solution for bioinformatics research with particular consideration to using cloud services and Semantic Web technologies. Our analysis leads to research guidelines and recommendations toward the development of future DWFS for the bioinformatics research community.

PMID: 28419324 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases.

Science. 2017 Apr 14;356(6334):183-186

Authors: Caliskan A, Bryson JJ, Narayanan A

Abstract
Machine learning is a means to derive artificial intelligence by discovering patterns in existing data. Here, we show that applying machine learning to ordinary human language results in human-like semantic biases. We replicated a spectrum of known biases, as measured by the Implicit Association Test, using a widely used, purely statistical machine-learning model trained on a standard corpus of text from the World Wide Web. Our results indicate that text corpora contain recoverable and accurate imprints of our historic biases, whether morally neutral as toward insects or flowers, problematic as toward race or gender, or even simply veridical, reflecting the status quo distribution of gender with respect to careers or first names. Our methods hold promise for identifying and addressing sources of bias in culture, including technology.

PMID: 28408601 [PubMed - in process]

Integrating Statistical Machine Learning in a Semantic Sensor Web for Proactive Monitoring and Control.

Sensors (Basel). 2017 Apr 09;17(4):

Authors: Adeleke JA, Moodley D, Rens G, Adewumi AO

Abstract
Proactive monitoring and control of our natural and built environments is important in various application scenarios. Semantic Sensor Web technologies have been well researched and used for environmental monitoring applications to expose sensor data for analysis in order to provide responsive actions in situations of interest. While these applications provide quick response to situations, to minimize their unwanted effects, research efforts are still necessary to provide techniques that can anticipate the future to support proactive control, such that unwanted situations can be averted altogether. This study integrates a statistical machine learning based predictive model in a Semantic Sensor Web using stream reasoning. The approach is evaluated in an indoor air quality monitoring case study. A sliding window approach that employs the Multilayer Perceptron model to predict short term PM 2 . 5 pollution situations is integrated into the proactive monitoring and control framework. Results show that the proposed approach can effectively predict short term PM 2 . 5 pollution situations: precision of up to 0.86 and sensitivity of up to 0.85 is achieved over half hour prediction horizons, making it possible for the system to warn occupants or even to autonomously avert the predicted pollution situations within the context of Semantic Sensor Web.

PMID: 28397776 [PubMed - in process]

The anatomy of phenotype ontologies: principles, properties and applications.

Brief Bioinform. 2017 Apr 06;:

Authors: Gkoutos GV, Schofield PN, Hoehndorf R

Abstract
The past decade has seen an explosion in the collection of genotype data in domains as diverse as medicine, ecology, livestock and plant breeding. Along with this comes the challenge of dealing with the related phenotype data, which is not only large but also highly multidimensional. Computational analysis of phenotypes has therefore become critical for our ability to understand the biological meaning of genomic data in the biological sciences. At the heart of computational phenotype analysis are the phenotype ontologies. A large number of these ontologies have been developed across many domains, and we are now at a point where the knowledge captured in the structure of these ontologies can be used for the integration and analysis of large interrelated data sets. The Phenotype And Trait Ontology framework provides a method for formal definitions of phenotypes and associated data sets and has proved to be key to our ability to develop methods for the integration and analysis of phenotype data. Here, we describe the development and products of the ontological approach to phenotype capture, the formal content of phenotype ontologies and how their content can be used computationally.

PMID: 28387809 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Age and Semantic Inhibition Measured by the Hayling Task: A Meta-Analysis.

Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2017 Mar 01;32(2):198-214

Authors: Cervera-Crespo T, González-Alvarez J

Abstract
Objective: Cognitive aging is commonly associated with a decrease in executive functioning (EF). A specific component of EF, semantic inhibition, is addressed in the present study, which presents a meta-analytic review of the literature that has evaluated the performance on the Hayling Sentence Completion test in young and older groups of individuals in order to assess the magnitude of the age effect.
Method: A systematic search involving Web of Science, PsyINFO, PsychARTICLE, and MedLine databases and Google Scholar was performed. A total of 11 studies were included in this meta-analysis, encompassing a total of 887 participants; 440 young and 447 older adults. The effect sizes for group differences on four measures of the Hayling test, latency responses and error scores on the Automatic and Inhibition sections of the test were calculated using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software package.
Results: The results revealed large age effects for response latencies in both the Automatic (Hedges' g = 0.81) and Inhibitory conditions (Hedges' g = 0.98), though the latter two effect sizes did not differ from each other. In contrast, analysis of errors revealed a significant difference between the small effect seen in the Automatic condition (Hedges' g = 0.13) relative to the moderate effect seen in the Inhibition condition (Hedges' g = 0.55).
Conclusions: These results may be important for a better understanding of the inhibitory functioning in elderly individuals, although they should be interpreted with caution because of the limited number of studies in the literature to date.

PMID: 28365747 [PubMed - in process]