GIW and InCoB are advancing bioinformatics in the Asia-Pacific.

BMC Bioinformatics. 2015 Dec 18;16(Suppl 18):I1

Authors: Schönbach C, Horton P, Yiu SM, Tan TW, Ranganathan S

Abstract
GIW/InCoB2015 the joint 26th International Conference on Genome Informatics (GIW) and 14th International Conference on Bioinformatics (InCoB) held in Tokyo, September 9-11, 2015 was attended by over 200 delegates. Fifty-one out of 89 oral presentations were based on research articles accepted for publication in four BMC journal supplements and three other journals. Sixteen articles in this supplement and six articles in the BMC Systems Biology GIW/InCoB2015 Supplement are covered by this introduction. The topics range from genome informatics, protein structure informatics, image analysis to biological networks and biomarker discovery.

PMID: 28102114 [PubMed - in process]

Applying proteomics to tick vaccine development: where are we?

Expert Rev Proteomics. 2017 Jan 18;:

Authors: Villar M, Marina A, de la Fuente J

Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Ticks are second to mosquitoes as a vector of human diseases and are the first vector of animal diseases with a great impact on livestock farming. Tick vaccines represent a sustainable and effective alternative to chemical acaricides for the control of tick infestations and transmitted pathogens. The application of proteomics to tick vaccine development is a fairly recent area, which has resulted in the characterization of some tick-host-pathogen interactions and the identification of candidate protective antigens. Areas covered: In this article, we review the application and possibilities of various proteomic approaches for the discovery of tick and pathogen derived protective antigens, and the design of effective vaccines for the control of tick infestations and pathogen infection and transmission. Expert commentary: In the near future, the application of reverse proteomics, immunoproteomics, structural proteomics, and interactomics among other proteomics approaches will likely contribute to improve vaccine design to control multiple tick species with the ultimate goal of controlling tick-borne diseases.

PMID: 28099817 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Cell-Based Systems Biology Analysis of Human AS03-Adjuvanted H5N1 Avian Influenza Vaccine Responses: A Phase I Randomized Controlled Trial.

PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0167488

Authors: Howard LM, Hoek KL, Goll JB, Samir P, Galassie A, Allos TM, Niu X, Gordy LE, Creech CB, Prasad N, Jensen TL, Hill H, Levy SE, Joyce S, Link AJ, Edwards KM

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vaccine development for influenza A/H5N1 is an important public health priority, but H5N1 vaccines are less immunogenic than seasonal influenza vaccines. Adjuvant System 03 (AS03) markedly enhances immune responses to H5N1 vaccine antigens, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood.
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: We compared the safety (primary endpoint), immunogenicity (secondary), gene expression (tertiary) and cytokine responses (exploratory) between AS03-adjuvanted and unadjuvanted inactivated split-virus H5N1 influenza vaccines. In a double-blinded clinical trial, we randomized twenty adults aged 18-49 to receive two doses of either AS03-adjuvanted (n = 10) or unadjuvanted (n = 10) H5N1 vaccine 28 days apart. We used a systems biology approach to characterize and correlate changes in serum cytokines, antibody titers, and gene expression levels in six immune cell types at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days after the first vaccination.
RESULTS: Both vaccines were well-tolerated. Nine of 10 subjects in the adjuvanted group and 0/10 in the unadjuvanted group exhibited seroprotection (hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer > 1:40) at day 56. Within 24 hours of AS03-adjuvanted vaccination, increased serum levels of IL-6 and IP-10 were noted. Interferon signaling and antigen processing and presentation-related gene responses were induced in dendritic cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. Upregulation of MHC class II antigen presentation-related genes was seen in neutrophils. Three days after AS03-adjuvanted vaccine, upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle and division was detected in NK cells and correlated with serum levels of IP-10. Early upregulation of interferon signaling-related genes was also found to predict seroprotection 56 days after first vaccination.
CONCLUSIONS: Using this cell-based systems approach, novel mechanisms of action for AS03-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccination were observed.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01573312.

PMID: 28099485 [PubMed - in process]

Mitochondrial respiratory gene expression is suppressed in many cancers.

Elife. 2017 Jan 18;6:

Authors: Reznik E, Wang Q, La K, Schultz N, Sander C

Abstract
The fundamental metabolic decision of a cell, the balance between respiration and fermentation, rests in part on expression of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and coordination with expression of the nuclear genome (nuDNA). Previously we described mtDNA copy number depletion across many solid tumor types (Reznik et al., 2016). Here, we use orthogonal RNA-sequencing data to quantify mtDNA expression (mtRNA), and report analogously lower expression of mtRNA in tumors (relative to normal tissue) across a majority of cancer types. Several cancers exhibit a trio of mutually consistent evidence suggesting a drop in respiratory activity: depletion of mtDNA copy number, decreases in mtRNA levels, and decreases in expression of nuDNA-encoded respiratory proteins. Intriguingly, a minority of cancer types exhibit a drop in mtDNA expression but an increase in nuDNA expression of respiratory proteins, with unknown implications for respiratory activity. Our results indicate suppression of respiratory gene expression across many cancer types.

PMID: 28099114 [PubMed - in process]

Reliable and efficient solution of genome-scale models of Metabolism and macromolecular Expression.

Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 18;7:40863

Authors: Ma D, Yang L, Fleming RM, Thiele I, Palsson BO, Saunders MA

Abstract
Constraint-Based Reconstruction and Analysis (COBRA) is currently the only methodology that permits integrated modeling of Metabolism and macromolecular Expression (ME) at genome-scale. Linear optimization computes steady-state flux solutions to ME models, but flux values are spread over many orders of magnitude. Data values also have greatly varying magnitudes. Standard double-precision solvers may return inaccurate solutions or report that no solution exists. Exact simplex solvers based on rational arithmetic require a near-optimal warm start to be practical on large problems (current ME models have 70,000 constraints and variables and will grow larger). We have developed a quadruple-precision version of our linear and nonlinear optimizer MINOS, and a solution procedure (DQQ) involving Double and Quad MINOS that achieves reliability and efficiency for ME models and other challenging problems tested here. DQQ will enable extensive use of large linear and nonlinear models in systems biology and other applications involving multiscale data.

PMID: 28098205 [PubMed - in process]

Notions of similarity for systems biology models.

Brief Bioinform. 2017 Jan 17;:

Authors: Henkel R, Hoehndorf R, Kacprowski T, Knüpfer C, Liebermeister W, Waltemath D

PMID: 28096074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

What we can learn from a tadpole about ciliopathies and airway diseases - Using systems biology in Xenopus to study cilia and mucociliary epithelia.

Genesis. 2017 Jan 17;:

Authors: Walentek P, Quigley IK

Abstract
Over the past years, the Xenopus embryo has emerged as an incredibly useful model organism for studying the formation and function of cilia and ciliated epithelia in vivo. This has led to a variety of findings elucidating the molecular mechanisms of ciliated cell specification, basal body biogenesis, cilia assembly and ciliary motility. These findings also revealed the deep functional conservation of signaling, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and protein networks employed in the formation and function of vertebrate ciliated cells. Therefore, Xenopus research can contribute crucial insights not only into developmental and cell biology, but also into the molecular mechanisms underlying cilia related diseases (ciliopathies) as well as diseases affecting the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract in humans (e.g. chronic lung diseases). Additionally, systems biology approaches including transcriptomics, genomics and proteomics have been rapidly adapted for use in Xenopus, and broaden the applications for current and future translational biomedical research. This review aims to present the advantages of using Xenopus for cilia research, highlight some of the evolutionarily conserved key concepts and mechanisms of ciliated cell biology that were elucidated using the Xenopus model, and describe the potential for Xenopus research to address unresolved questions regarding the molecular mechanisms of ciliopathies and airway diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID: 28095645 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Identifying niche mediated regulatory factors of stem cell phenotypic state: a systems biology approach.

FEBS Lett. 2017 Jan 17;:

Authors: Ravichandran S, Del Sol A

Abstract
Understanding how the cellular niche controls the stem cell phenotype is often hampered due to the complexity of variegated niche composition, its dynamics, and non-linear stem cell-niche interactions. Here, we propose a systems biology view that considers stem cell-niche interactions as a many-body problem amenable to simplification by the concept of mean field approximation. This enables approximation of the niche effect on stem cells as a constant field that induces sustained activation/inhibition of specific stem cell signaling pathways in all stem cells within heterogeneous populations exhibiting the same phenotype (niche determinants). This view offers a new basis for the development of single cell-based computational approaches for identifying niche determinants, which has potential applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID: 28094442 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

NK cell phenotypic and functional shifts coincide with specific clinical phases in the natural history of chronic HBV infection.

Antiviral Res. 2017 Jan 13;:

Authors: de Groen RA, Hou J, van Oord GW, Groothuismink ZM, van der Heide M, de Knegt RJ, Boonstra A

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Chronic HBV infection can be divided into 4 distinct clinical phases: immune tolerant, immune active, inactive carrier, and HBeAg-negative hepatitis. Using a systems biology approach, we recently identified innate immune response components, specifically NK cells as a distinctive factor of specific HBV clinical phases. To expand on this study and identify the underlying immunological mechanisms, we performed a comprehensive profiling of NK cells in chronic HBV infection.
METHODS: Peripheral blood from untreated chronic HBV patients was used to analyze phenotypic markers, as well as cytokine production and cytoxicity of NK cells.
RESULTS: The overall composition, phenotype, and cytolytic activity of the NK cells remained constant across all clinical phases, with the exception of a few specific markers (KIRs, NKp46). CD56(bright) NK cells of chronic HBV patients differed in their ability to produce IFN-γ between the clinical phases pre- and post-HBeAg seroconversion.
CONCLUSION: This depicts a shift in NK cell characteristics between the immune active, under heavy viral or immune pressure, and inactive carrier phases, that coincides with HBeAg seroconversion. Although these changes in NK cells do not appear to be completely responsible for differences in liver damage characteristic of specific clinical phases, they could provide a step toward understanding immune dysregulation in chronic HBV infection.

PMID: 28093337 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Microwestern Arrays for Systems-Level Analysis of SH2 Domain-Containing Proteins.

Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1555:453-473

Authors: Ciaccio MF, Jones RB

Abstract
The Microwestern Array (MWA) method combines the scalability and miniaturization afforded by the Reverse Phase Lysate Array (RPLA) approach with the electrophoretic separation characteristic of the Western blot. This technology emulates the creation of an array of small Western blots on a single sheet of nitrocellulose allowing for the sensitive and quantitative measurement of hundreds of proteins from hundreds of cell lysates with minimal cost and maximal accuracy, precision, and reproducibility. The MWA is a versatile technology that can be easily configured for purposes such as antibody screening, cell signaling network inference, protein modification/phenotype regression analysis, and genomic/proteomic relationships. Accordingly, configurations for the MWA can be optimized for maximal numbers of proteins analyzed from small numbers of cell lysates, for small numbers of antibodies against large numbers of cell lysates, or for maximal resolution of protein size achieved by increased electrophoretic separation distance. For example, on a single gel, 6 samples can be printed 96 times if a few samples need to be assayed with a large number of antibodies. Alternatively, up to 100 samples can be assayed with four antibodies on a single gel. Intermediate configurations are also discussed.The efficiency of the MWA is orders of magnitude greater in reagents, labor, and time required per data point relative to the standard Western blotting method and orders of magnitude more sensitive than standard mass spectrometry methods. The MWA is therefore a very attractive approach for capturing global changes in protein abundances and modifications including tyrosine phosphorylation and SH2 domain binding sites.

PMID: 28092050 [PubMed - in process]

Introduction: History of SH2 Domains and Their Applications.

Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1555:3-35

Authors: Liu BA, Machida K

Abstract
The Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain is the prototypical protein interaction module that lies at the heart of phosphotyrosine signaling. Since its serendipitous discovery, there has been a tremendous advancement in technologies and an array of techniques available for studying SH2 domains and phosphotyrosine signaling. In this chapter, we provide a glimpse of the history of SH2 domains and describe many of the tools and techniques that have been developed along the way and discuss future directions for SH2 domain studies. We highlight the gist of each chapter in this volume in the context of: the structural biology and phosphotyrosine binding; characterizing SH2 specificity and generating prediction models; systems biology and proteomics; SH2 domains in signal transduction; and SH2 domains in disease, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Many of the individual chapters provide an in-depth approach that will allow scientists to interrogate the function and role of SH2 domains.

PMID: 28092024 [PubMed - in process]

MPLEx: a method for simultaneous pathogen inactivation and extraction of samples for multi-omics profiling.

Analyst. 2017 Jan 16;:

Authors: Burnum-Johnson KE, Kyle JE, Eisfeld AJ, Casey CP, Stratton KG, Gonzalez JF, Habyarimana F, Negretti NM, Sims AC, Chauhan S, Thackray LB, Halfmann PJ, Walters KB, Kim YM, Zink EM, Nicora CD, Weitz KK, Webb-Robertson BM, Nakayasu ES, Ahmer B, Konkel ME, Motin V, Baric RS, Diamond MS, Kawaoka Y, Waters KM, Smith RD, Metz TO

Abstract
The continued emergence and spread of infectious agents is of great concern, and systems biology approaches to infectious disease research can advance our understanding of host-pathogen relationships and facilitate the development of new therapies and vaccines. Molecular characterization of infectious samples outside of appropriate biosafety containment can take place only subsequent to pathogen inactivation. Herein, we describe a modified Folch extraction using chloroform/methanol that facilitates the molecular characterization of infectious samples by enabling simultaneous pathogen inactivation and extraction of proteins, metabolites, and lipids for subsequent mass spectrometry-based multi-omics measurements. This single-sample metabolite, protein and lipid extraction (MPLEx) method resulted in complete inactivation of clinically important bacterial and viral pathogens with exposed lipid membranes, including Yersinia pestis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Campylobacter jejuni in pure culture, and Yersinia pestis, Campylobacter jejuni, and West Nile, MERS-CoV, Ebola, and influenza H7N9 viruses in infection studies. In addition, >99% inactivation, which increased with solvent exposure time, was also observed for pathogens without exposed lipid membranes including community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile spores and vegetative cells, and adenovirus type 5. The overall pipeline of inactivation and subsequent proteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic analyses was evaluated using a human epithelial lung cell line infected with wild-type and mutant influenza H7N9 viruses, thereby demonstrating that MPLEx yields biomaterial of sufficient quality for subsequent multi-omics analyses. Based on these experimental results, we believe that MPLEx will facilitate systems biology studies of infectious samples by enabling simultaneous pathogen inactivation and multi-omics measurements from a single specimen with high success for pathogens with exposed lipid membranes.

PMID: 28091625 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Quantifying the relative contributions of different solute carriers to aggregate substrate transport.

Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 16;7:40628

Authors: Taslimifar M, Oparija L, Verrey F, Kurtcuoglu V, Olgac U, Makrides V

Abstract
Determining the contributions of different transporter species to overall cellular transport is fundamental for understanding the physiological regulation of solutes. We calculated the relative activities of Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters using the Michaelis-Menten equation and global fitting to estimate the normalized maximum transport rate for each transporter (Vmax). Data input were the normalized measured uptake of the essential neutral amino acid (AA) L-leucine (Leu) from concentration-dependence assays performed using Xenopus laevis oocytes. Our methodology was verified by calculating Leu and L-phenylalanine (Phe) data in the presence of competitive substrates and/or inhibitors. Among 9 potentially expressed endogenous X. laevis oocyte Leu transporter species, activities of only the uniporters SLC43A2/LAT4 (and/or SLC43A1/LAT3) and the sodium symporter SLC6A19/B(0)AT1 were required to account for total uptake. Furthermore, Leu and Phe uptake by heterologously expressed human SLC6A14/ATB(0,+) and SLC43A2/LAT4 was accurately calculated. This versatile systems biology approach is useful for analyses where the kinetics of each active protein species can be represented by the Hill equation. Furthermore, its applicable even in the absence of protein expression data. It could potentially be applied, for example, to quantify drug transporter activities in target cells to improve specificity.

PMID: 28091567 [PubMed - in process]

Complementing genomics and transcriptomics: Phosphoproteomics illuminates systems biology in prostate cancer.

Mol Cell Oncol. 2016;3(6):e1246075

Authors: Tan VM, Cheng LC, Drake JM

Abstract
Integration of phosphoproteomics with traditional genomics and transcriptomics provides a more comprehensive overview of the signaling networks in advanced prostate cancer for immediate preclinical and future clinical use. Our recent publication introduces computational approaches for integrating the phosphoproteome, specifically with the intent of identifying important kinase signaling networks in advanced-stage prostate cancer.

PMID: 28090583 [PubMed - in process]

Prospects and problems for standardizing model validation in systems biology.

Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2017 Jan 12;:

Authors: Gross F, MacLeod M

Abstract
There are currently no widely shared criteria by which to assess the validity of computational models in systems biology. Here we discuss the feasibility and desirability of implementing validation standards for modeling. Having such a standard would facilitate journal review, interdisciplinary collaboration, model exchange, and be especially relevant for applications close to medical practice. However, even though the production of predictively valid models is considered a central goal, in practice modeling in systems biology employs a variety of model structures and model-building practices. These serve a variety of purposes, many of which are heuristic and do not seem to require strict validation criteria and may even be restricted by them. Moreover, given the current situation in systems biology, implementing a validation standard would face serious technical obstacles mostly due to the quality of available empirical data. We advocate a cautious approach to standardization. However even though rigorous standardization seems premature at this point, raising the issue helps us develop better insights into the practices of systems biology and the technical problems modelers face validating models. Further it allows us to identify certain technical validation issues which hold regardless of modeling context and purpose. Informal guidelines could in fact play a role in the field by helping modelers handle these.

PMID: 28089814 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Nomadic-colonial life strategies enable paradoxical survival and growth despite habitat destruction.

Elife. 2017 Jan 13;6:

Authors: Tan ZX, Cheong KH

Abstract
Organisms often exhibit behavioral or phenotypic diversity to improve population fitness in the face of environmental variability. When each behavior or phenotype is individually maladaptive, alternating between these losing strategies can counter-intuitively result in population persistence--an outcome similar to Parrondo's paradox. Instead of the capital or history dependence that characterize traditional Parrondo games, most ecological models which exhibit such paradoxical behavior depend on the presence of exogenous environmental variation. Here we present a population model that exhibits Parrondo's paradox through capital and history-dependent dynamics. Two sub-populations comprise our model: nomads, who live independently without competition or cooperation, and colonists, who engage in competition, cooperation, and long-term habitat destruction. Nomads and colonists may alternate behaviors in response to changes in the colonial habitat. Even when nomadism and colonialism individually lead to extinction, switching between these strategies at the appropriate moments can paradoxically enable both population persistence and long-term growth.

PMID: 28084993 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Personalized Prediction of Proliferation Rates and Metabolic Liabilities in Cancer Biopsies.

Front Physiol. 2016;7:644

Authors: Diener C, Resendis-Antonio O

Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease and its genetic and metabolic mechanism may manifest differently in each patient. This creates a demand for studies that can characterize phenotypic traits of cancer on a per-sample basis. Combining two large data sets, the NCI60 cancer cell line panel, and The Cancer Genome Atlas, we used a linear interaction model to predict proliferation rates for more than 12,000 cancer samples across 33 different cancers from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The predicted proliferation rates are associated with patient survival and cancer stage and show a strong heterogeneity in proliferative capacity within and across different cancer panels. We also show how the obtained proliferation rates can be incorporated into genome-scale metabolic reconstructions to obtain the metabolic fluxes for more than 3000 cancer samples that identified specific metabolic liabilities for nine cancer panels. Here we found that affected pathways coincided with the literature, with pentose phosphate pathway, retinol, and branched-chain amino acid metabolism being the most panel-specific alterations and fatty acid metabolism and ROS detoxification showing homogeneous metabolic activities across all cancer panels. The presented strategy has potential applications in personalized medicine since it can leverage gene expression signatures for cell line based prediction of additional metabolic properties which might help in constraining personalized metabolic models and improve the identification of metabolic alterations in cancer for individual patients.

PMID: 28082911 [PubMed - in process]

Osmoregulation in the Halophilic Bacterium Halomonas elongata: A Case Study for Integrative Systems Biology.

PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0168818

Authors: Kindzierski V, Raschke S, Knabe N, Siedler F, Scheffer B, Pflüger-Grau K, Pfeiffer F, Oesterhelt D, Marin-Sanguino A, Kunte HJ

Abstract
Halophilic bacteria use a variety of osmoregulatory methods, such as the accumulation of one or more compatible solutes. The wide diversity of compounds that can act as compatible solute complicates the task of understanding the different strategies that halophilic bacteria use to cope with salt. This is specially challenging when attempting to go beyond the pathway that produces a certain compatible solute towards an understanding of how the metabolic network as a whole addresses the problem. Metabolic reconstruction based on genomic data together with Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) is a promising tool to gain insight into this problem. However, as more of these reconstructions become available, it becomes clear that processes predicted by genome annotation may not reflect the processes that are active in vivo. As a case in point, E. coli is unable to grow aerobically on citrate in spite of having all the necessary genes to do it. It has also been shown that the realization of this genetic potential into an actual capability to metabolize citrate is an extremely unlikely event under normal evolutionary conditions. Moreover, many marine bacteria seem to have the same pathways to metabolize glucose but each species uses a different one. In this work, a metabolic network inferred from genomic annotation of the halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata and proteomic profiling experiments are used as a starting point to motivate targeted experiments in order to find out some of the defining features of the osmoregulatory strategies of this bacterium. This new information is then used to refine the network in order to describe the actual capabilities of H. elongata, rather than its genetic potential.

PMID: 28081159 [PubMed - in process]

Saffron'omics': The challenges of integrating omic technologies.

Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016 Nov-Dec;6(6):604-620

Authors: Panchangam SS, Vahedi M, Megha MJ, Kumar A, Raithatha K, Suravajhala R, Reddy P

Abstract
Saffron is one of the highly exotic spices known for traditional values and antiquity. It is used for home décor besides serving as a colorant flavor and is widely known for medicinal value. Over the last few years, saffron has garnered a lot of interest due to its anti-cancer, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Integration of systems biology approaches with wide applications of saffron remains a growing challenge as new techniques and methods advance. Keeping in view of the dearth of a review summarizing the omics and systems biology of saffron, we bring an outline on advancements in integrating omic technologies, the medicinal plant has seen in recent times.

PMID: 28078242 [PubMed]

Precision medicine and molecular imaging: new targeted approaches toward cancer therapeutic and diagnosis.

Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;6(6):310-327

Authors: Ghasemi M, Nabipour I, Omrani A, Alipour Z, Assadi M

Abstract
This paper presents a review of the importance and role of precision medicine and molecular imaging technologies in cancer diagnosis with therapeutics and diagnostics purposes. Precision medicine is progressively becoming a hot topic in all disciplines related to biomedical investigation and has the capacity to become the paradigm for clinical practice. The future of medicine lies in early diagnosis and individually appropriate treatments, a concept that has been named precision medicine, i.e. delivering the right treatment to the right patient at the right time. Molecular imaging is quickly being recognized as a tool with the potential to ameliorate every aspect of cancer treatment. On the other hand, emerging high-throughput technologies such as omics techniques and systems approaches have generated a paradigm shift for biological systems in advanced life science research. In this review, we describe the precision medicine, difference between precision medicine and personalized medicine, precision medicine initiative, systems biology/medicine approaches (such as genomics, radiogenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), P4 medicine, relationship between systems biology/medicine approaches and precision medicine, and molecular imaging modalities and their utility in cancer treatment and diagnosis. Accordingly, the precision medicine and molecular imaging will enable us to accelerate and improve cancer management in future medicine.

PMID: 28078184 [PubMed]