Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase: Linking pathogenic effector CD4(+) T(H)2 cells to proeosinophilic inflammation in patients with gastrointestinal allergic disorders.

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Mar;137(3):919-21

Authors: Wen T, Rothenberg ME, Wang YH

PMID: 26947983 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Irinotecan-induced toxicity pharmacogenetics: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Pharmacogenomics J. 2016 Aug 9;

Authors: Campbell JM, Stephenson MD, Bateman E, Peters MD, Keefe DM, Bowen JM

Abstract
Irinotecan chemotherapy toxicities can be severe, and may result in treatment delay, morbidity and in some rare cases death. This systematic review of systematic reviews synthesises all meta-analyses on biomarkers for irinotecan toxicity across all genetic models for Asians, Caucasians, low dose, medium/high dose and regimens with and without fluorouracil. False-positive findings are a problem in pharmacogenetics, increasing the importance of systematic reviews. Four systematic reviews that investigated the effect of the polymorphisms UGT1A1*6 and/or*28 on neutropenia or diarrhoea toxicity were included. Both UGT1A1*6 and *28 were reliably demonstrated to be risk factors for irinotecan-induced neutropenia, with tests for both polymorphisms potentially being particularly useful in Asian cancer patients. UGT1A1*6 and *28 were also related to diarrhoea toxicity; however, at low doses of irinotecan there was evidence that UGT1A1*28 was not. In synthesising the best available evidence, this umbrella systematic review provides a novel reference for clinicians applying personalised medicine and identifies important research gaps.The Pharmacogenomics Journal advance online publication, 9 August 2016; doi:10.1038/tpj.2016.58.

PMID: 27503581 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

CXCR4 polymorphism predicts progression-free survival in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with first-line bevacizumab-based chemotherapy.

Pharmacogenomics J. 2016 Aug 9;

Authors: Matsusaka S, Cao S, Hanna DL, Sunakawa Y, Ueno M, Mizunuma N, Zhang W, Yang D, Ning Y, Stintzing S, Sebio A, Stremitzer S, Yamauchi S, Parekh A, Okazaki S, Berger MD, El-Khoueiry R, Mendez A, Ichikawa W, Loupakis F, Lenz HJ

Abstract
We analyzed associations between CXCR4/CXCL12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and outcomes in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients who underwent first-line bevacizumab-based chemotherapy. A total of 874 patients were included in this study: 144 treated with bevacizumab and FOLFOX or XELOX (training cohort), 653 treated with bevacizumab and FOLFIRI or FOLFOXIRI (validation cohort A or B) and 77 treated with cetuximab- and oxaliplatin-based regimens (control cohort). One CXCR4 polymorphism (rs2228014) and two CXCL12 polymorphisms (rs1801157 and rs3740085) were analyzed by PCR-based direct sequencing. Patients with a C/C genotype had a prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) compared with those with any T allele (P=0.030) in the training cohort. Similarly, patients with the C/C genotype had a superior PFS in the validation cohorts, but not in the control cohort. Our findings suggest that a common genetic variant, CXCR4 rs2228014, could predict PFS and may guide therapeutic decisions in mCRC patients receiving first-line bevacizumab-based chemotherapy.The Pharmacogenomics Journal advance online publication, 9 August 2016; doi:10.1038/tpj.2016.59.

PMID: 27503580 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Clinical relevance of EMT and stem-like gene expression in circulating tumor cells of metastatic colorectal cancer patients.

Pharmacogenomics J. 2016 Aug 9;

Authors: Ning Y, Zhang W, Hanna DL, Yang D, Okazaki S, Berger MD, Miyamoto Y, Suenaga M, Schirripa M, El-Khoueiry A, Lenz HJ

Abstract
Using approved methods, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are only isolated from blood in 30%-50% of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. We previously validated a technique to isolate circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in a cohort of mCRC patients by combining immunomagnetic enrichment of EpCAM(+)/CD45(-) cells with qRT-PCR amplification of CK20 and survivin expression. Here, we examined the prognostic utility of CTC epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem cell gene expression. An 8 ml blood sample was collected from 78 consecutive mCRC patients before treatment with investigational and standard chemotherapeutics. The mRNA expression of EMT (PI3Kα, Akt-2, Twist1) and stem cell (ALDH1) markers was measured. Associations between CTC gene expression and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined using Cox regression models. Among patients without CK20 or survivin-expressing CTCs (n=17), 55% had expression of ALDH1, PI3Kα and/or Akt-2. Patients with positive CTC Akt-2 expression had a significantly shorter median PFS (3.0 versus 4.0 months) compared with those without CTC Akt-2 expression in univariable (hazard ratio (HR)=1.61; log-rank P=0.034) and multivariable analyses (HR=1.70; adjusted P=0.041). In univariable analysis, CTC ALDH1 expression was associated with shorter OS (10.0 versus 38.6 months; HR=2.04, P=0.021). Patients with CTCs expressing ALDH1, PI3Kα and/or Akt-2 had a significantly inferior PFS (3.0 versus 7.7 months; HR=1.88, P=0.015) and OS (10.0 versus 26.8+ months; HR=2.25, P=0.050) in univariable, but not multivariable, analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: CTC Akt-2 expression may serve as a clinically useful prognostic marker in mCRC patients and warrants further evaluation in prospective trials.The Pharmacogenomics Journal advance online publication, 9 August 2016; doi:10.1038/tpj.2016.62.

PMID: 27503579 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Population differences in S-warfarin pharmacokinetics among African Americans, Asians and whites: their influence on pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms.

Pharmacogenomics J. 2016 Aug 9;

Authors: Kubo K, Ohara M, Tachikawa M, Cavallari LH, Lee MT, Wen MS, Scordo MG, Nutescu EA, Perera MA, Miyajima A, Kaneko N, Pengo V, Padrini R, Chen YT, Takahashi H

Abstract
Using population pharmacokinetic analysis (PPK), we attempted to identify predictors of S-warfarin clearance (CL(S)) and to clarify population differences in S-warfarin pharmacokinetics among a cohort of 378 African American, Asian and white patients. Significant predictors of CL(S) included clinical (age, body weight and sex) and genotypic (CYP2C9*2,*3 and *8) factors, as well as African American ethnicity, the median CL(S) being 30% lower in the latter than in Asians and whites (170 versus 243 and 250 ml h(-1), P<0.01). The plasma S-warfarin (Cp(S)) time courses following the genotype-based dosing algorithms simulated using the PPK estimates showed African Americans with CYP2C9*1/*1 and any of the VKORC1 genotypes would have an average Cp(S) at steady state 1.5-1.8 times higher than in Asians and whites. These results indicate warfarin dosing algorithms should be evaluated in each respective ethnic population. Further study of a large African American cohort will be necessary to confirm the present findings.The Pharmacogenomics Journal advance online publication, 9 August 2016; doi:10.1038/tpj.2016.57.

PMID: 27503578 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

In silico modeling for tumor growth visualization.

BMC Syst Biol. 2016;10(1):59

Authors: Jeanquartier F, Jean-Quartier C, Cemernek D, Holzinger A

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cancer is a complex disease. Fundamental cellular based studies as well as modeling provides insight into cancer biology and strategies to treatment of the disease. In silico models complement in vivo models. Research on tumor growth involves a plethora of models each emphasizing isolated aspects of benign and malignant neoplasms. Biologists and clinical scientists are often overwhelmed by the mathematical background knowledge necessary to grasp and to apply a model to their own research.
RESULTS: We aim to provide a comprehensive and expandable simulation tool to visualizing tumor growth. This novel Web-based application offers the advantage of a user-friendly graphical interface with several manipulable input variables to correlate different aspects of tumor growth. By refining model parameters we highlight the significance of heterogeneous intercellular interactions on tumor progression. Within this paper we present the implementation of the Cellular Potts Model graphically presented through Cytoscape.js within a Web application. The tool is available under the MIT license at https://github.com/davcem/cpm-cytoscape and http://styx.cgv.tugraz.at:8080/cpm-cytoscape/ .
CONCLUSION: In-silico methods overcome the lack of wet experimental possibilities and as dry method succeed in terms of reduction, refinement and replacement of animal experimentation, also known as the 3R principles. Our visualization approach to simulation allows for more flexible usage and easy extension to facilitate understanding and gain novel insight. We believe that biomedical research in general and research on tumor growth in particular will benefit from the systems biology perspective.

PMID: 27503052 [PubMed - in process]

Databases and tools for constructing signal transduction networks in cancer.

BMB Rep. 2016 Aug 8;

Authors: Nam S

Abstract
Traditionally, biologists have devoted their careers to studying individual biological entities of their own interest, partly due to lack of available data regarding that entity. Now, in the field of cancer, tremendously large, high-throughput data, too complex for conventional processing methods (i.e., "big data"), has accumulated and made freely available in public data repositories. Such challenges urge biologists to inspect their biological entities of interest using novel approaches, firstly including repository data retrieval. Most of all, these revolutionary changes demand new interpretations of huge datasets, at a systems-level, by so called "systems biology." One of representative applications of systems biology is to generate a biological network from high-throughput big data, providing a global map of molecular events associated with specific phenotype changes. In this review, we introduce the repositories of cancer big data and cutting-edge systems biology tools for network generation and improved identification of therapeutic targets.

PMID: 27502015 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

ARN: analysis and prediction by adipogenic professional database.

BMC Syst Biol. 2016;10(1):57

Authors: Huang Y, Wang L, Zan AL

Abstract
Adipogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which mesenchymal stem cells become adipocytes. Extensive research is ongoing to identify genes, their protein products, and microRNAs that correlate with fat cell development. The existing databases have focused on certain types of regulatory factors and interactions. However, there is no relationship between the results of the experimental studies on adipogenesis and these databases because of the lack of an information center. This information fragmentation hampers the identification of key regulatory genes and pathways. Thus, it is necessary to provide an information center that is quickly and easily accessible to researchers in this field. We selected and integrated data from eight external databases based on the results of text-mining, and constructed a publicly available database and web interface (URL: http://210.27.80.93/arn/ ), which contained 30873 records related to adipogenic differentiation. Then, we designed an online analysis tool to analyze the experimental data or form a scientific hypothesis about adipogenesis through Swanson's literature-based discovery process. Furthermore, we calculated the "Impact Factor" ("IF") value that reflects the importance of each node by counting the numbers of relation records, expression records, and prediction records for each node. This platform can support ongoing adipogenesis research and contribute to the discovery of key regulatory genes and pathways.

PMID: 27503118 [PubMed - in process]

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("orphan disease" OR "rare disease" OR "orphan diseases" OR "rare diseases")

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"Cystic Fibrosis"

These pubmed results were generated on 2016/08/09

PubMed comprises more than 24 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

Approved oncology drugs lack in vivo activity against Trichuris muris despite in vitro activity.

Parasitol Res. 2016 Aug 8;

Authors: Cowan N, Raimondo A, Keiser J

Abstract
Infections with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are considered among the most persistent global health problems. The few available drugs have limitations including low efficacy against Trichuris trichiura infections. As a starting point toward drug repositioning, we studied a set of FDA-approved oncology drugs for activity against Trichuris muris since targets relevant to cancer therapy might have a function in helminth biology. Drugs were tested in vitro on the larval and adult stage of T. muris. Compounds active in vitro were tested in the T. muris mouse model at single oral dosages of 200-400 mg/kg. Of the 114 drugs tested in vitro, 12 showed activity against T. muris larvae (>80 % drug effect at 50 μM). Ten of these drugs were also active on the adult worm stage (>80 % drug effect at 50 μM), of which six revealed IC50 values between 1.8 and 5.0 μM. Except for tamoxifen citrate, all in vitro active drugs were protein kinase inhibitors. None of the drugs tested in vivo showed efficacy, revealing worm burden reductions of 0-24 % and worm expulsion rates of 0-7.9 %. The promising in vitro activities of protein kinases could not be confirmed in vivo. Drug discovery against STH should be strengthened including the definition of compound progression criteria. Follow-up structure-activity relationship studies with modified compounds might be considered.

PMID: 27498843 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Network biology concepts in complex disease comorbidities.

Nat Rev Genet. 2016 Aug 8;

Authors: Hu JX, Thomas CE, Brunak S

Abstract
The co-occurrence of diseases can inform the underlying network biology of shared and multifunctional genes and pathways. In addition, comorbidities help to elucidate the effects of external exposures, such as diet, lifestyle and patient care. With worldwide health transaction data now often being collected electronically, disease co-occurrences are starting to be quantitatively characterized. Linking network dynamics to the real-life, non-ideal patient in whom diseases co-occur and interact provides a valuable basis for generating hypotheses on molecular disease mechanisms, and provides knowledge that can facilitate drug repurposing and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.

PMID: 27498692 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Protein kinase C-δ inhibitor, Rottlerin inhibits growth and survival of mycobacteria exclusively through Shikimate kinase.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016 Aug 4;

Authors: Pandey S, Chatterjee A, Jaiswal S, Kumar S, Ramachandran R, Srivastava KK

Abstract
The molecular bases of disease provide exceptional prospect to translate research findings into new drugs. Nevertheless, to develop new and novel chemical entities takes huge amount of time and efforts, mainly due to the stringent processes. Therefore, drug repurposing is one of such strategies which is being used in recent times to identify new pharmacophores. The essential first step in discovery of the specific inhibitor with low toxicity is the identification and elucidation of pathways exclusive to target pathogen. One such target is the shikimate pathway, which is essential for algae, higher plants, bacteria and fungi. Since, this enzyme system is absent in higher eukaryotes and in mammals, the enzymes involved in the pathway provide an attractive target for the development of potentially selective and non toxic antimicrobial agents. Since, so far there is no specific inhibitor which is able to restrain mycobacterial shikimate pathway; we expanded the use of a known kinase inhibitor; Rottlerin, in order to predict the prototype in discovering the specific molecules against this enzyme. For the first time we have shown that Rottlerin inhibits extracellular mycobacteria by affecting Shikimate Kinase (SK) and this effect is further enhanced during the intracellular infection due to the added effect of PKC- δ down-regulation. The molecular docking of Rottlerin with both the mycobacterial SKs, corroborated the inhibition data, and revealed that the effects of SK, in slow and in fast grower mycobacteria are due to the changes in affinity of binding with the drug.

PMID: 27498028 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Drug repositioning in SLE: crowd-sourcing, literature-mining and Big Data analysis.

Lupus. 2016 Sep;25(10):1150-70

Authors: Grammer AC, Ryals MM, Heuer SE, Robl RD, Madamanchi S, Davis LS, Lauwerys B, Catalina MD, Lipsky PE

Abstract
Lupus patients are in need of modern drugs to treat specific manifestations of their disease effectively and safely. In the past half century, only one new treatment has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In 2014-2015, the FDA approved 71 new drugs, only one of which targeted a rheumatic disease and none of which was approved for use in SLE. Repositioning/repurposing drugs approved for other diseases using multiple approaches is one possible means to find new treatment options for lupus patients. "Big Data" analysis approaches this challenge from an unbiased standpoint whereas literature mining and crowd sourcing for candidates assessed by the CoLTs (Combined Lupus Treatment Scoring) system provide a hypothesis-based approach to rank potential therapeutic candidates for possible clinical application. Both approaches mitigate risk since the candidates assessed have largely been extensively tested in clinical trials for other indications. The usefulness of a multi-pronged approach to drug repositioning in lupus is highlighted by orthogonal confirmation of hypothesis-based drug repositioning predictions by "Big Data" analysis of differentially expressed genes from lupus patient samples. The goal is to identify novel therapies that have the potential to affect disease processes specifically. Involvement of SLE patients and the scientists that study this disease in thinking about new drugs that may be effective in lupus though crowd-sourcing sites such as LRxL-STAT (www.linkedin.com/in/lrxlstat) is important in stimulating the momentum needed to test these novel drug targets for efficacy in lupus rapidly in small, proof-of-concept trials conducted by LuCIN, the Lupus Clinical Investigators Network (www.linkedin.com/in/lucinstat).

PMID: 27497259 [PubMed - in process]

Targeted therapy for Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma using low-dose gemcitabine-induced lytic activation.

Oncotarget. 2015 Oct 13;6(31):31018-29

Authors: Lee HG, Kim H, Kim EJ, Park PG, Dong SM, Choi TH, Kim H, Chong CR, Liu JO, Chen J, Ambinder RF, Hayward SD, Park JH, Lee JM

Abstract
The constant presence of the viral genome in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancers (EBVaGCs) suggests the applicability of novel EBV-targeted therapies. The antiviral nucleoside drug, ganciclovir (GCV), is effective only in the context of the viral lytic cycle in the presence of EBV-encoded thymidine kinase (TK)/protein kinase (PK) expression. In this study, screening of the Johns Hopkins Drug Library identified gemcitabine as a candidate for combination treatment with GCV. Pharmacological induction of EBV-TK or PK in EBVaGC-originated tumor cells were used to study combination treatment with GCV in vitro and in vivo. Gemcitabine was found to be a lytic inducer via activation of the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)/p53 genotoxic stress pathway in EBVaGC. Using an EBVaGC mouse model and a [125I] fialuridine (FIAU)-based lytic activation imaging system, we evaluated gemcitabine-induced lytic activation in an in vivo system and confirmed the efficacy of gemcitabine-GCV combination treatment. This viral enzyme-targeted anti-tumor strategy may provide a new therapeutic approach for EBVaGCs.

PMID: 26427042 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Gut vagal afferents are necessary for the eating-suppressive effect of intraperitoneally administered ginsenoside Rb1 in rats.

Physiol Behav. 2015 Dec 1;152(Pt A):62-7

Authors: Shen L, Wang DQ, Lo CC, Arnold M, Tso P, Woods SC, Liu M

Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) reduces food intake in both lean and high-fat diet induced-obese rats; however, the sites and/or mediation of the eating-suppressive effect of Rb1 have not previously been identified. We hypothesized that intraperitoneally (ip) administered Rb1 exerts its anorectic action by enhancing sensitivity to satiation signals, such as cholecystokinin (CCK), and/or that it acts through vagal afferent nerves that relay the satiating signaling to the hindbrain. To test these hypotheses, we gave ip bolus doses of Rb1 (2.5-10.0mg/kg) and CCK-8 (0.125-4.0μg/kg) alone or in combination and assessed food intake in rats. Low doses of Rb1 (2.5mg/kg) or CCK-8 (0.125μg/kg) alone had no effect on food intake whereas higher doses did. When these subthreshold doses of Rb1 and CCK-8 were co-administered, the combination significantly reduced food intake relative to saline controls, and this effect was attenuated by lorglumide, a selective CCK1-receptor antagonist. Interestingly, lorglumide blocked food intake induced by an effective dose of CCK-8 alone, but not by Rb1 alone, suggesting that Rb1's anorectic effect is independent of the CCK1 receptor. To determine whether peripherally administered Rb1 suppresses feeding via abdominal vagal nerves, we evaluated the effect of ip Rb1 injection in subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA) and control rats. Rb1's effect on food intake was significantly attenuated in SDA rats, compared with that in SHAM controls. These data indicate that the vagal afferent system is the major pathway conveying peripherally administered Rb1's satiation signal.

PMID: 26384952 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Social media and patient health outcomes. Findings from the yearbook 2014 section on consumer health informatics.

Yearb Med Inform. 2014;9:195-8

Authors: Staccini P, Douali N

Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To provide a review of the current excellent research published in the field of Consumer Health Informatics.
METHOD: We searched MEDLINE® and WEB OF SCIENCE® databases for papers published in 2013 in relation with Consumer Health Informatics. The authors identified 16 candidate best papers, which were then reviewed by four reviewers.
RESULTS: Five out of the 16 candidate papers were selected as best papers. One paper presents the key features of a system to automate the collection of web-based social media content for subsequent semantic annotation. This paper emphasizes the importance of mining social media to collect novel data from which new findings in drug abuse research were uncovered. The second paper presents a practical method to predict how a community structure would impact the spreading of information within the community. The third paper presents a method for improving the quality of online health communities. The fourth presents a new social network to allow the monitoring of the evolution of individuals' health status and diagnostic deficiencies, difficulties or barriers in rehabilitation. The last paper reports on teenage patients' perception on privacy and social media.
CONCLUSION: Selected papers not only show the value of using social media in the medical field but how to use these media to detect emergent diseases or risks, inform patients, promote disease prevention, and follow patients' opinion on healthcare resources.

PMID: 25123742 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Managing free text for secondary use of health data.

Yearb Med Inform. 2014;9:167-9

Authors: Griffon N, Charlet J, Darmoni SJ

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the best papers in the field of Knowledge Representation and Management (KRM).
METHODS: A comprehensive review of medical informatics literature was performed to select some of the most interesting papers of KRM and natural language processing (NLP) published in 2013.
RESULTS: Four articles were selected, one focuses on Electronic Health Record (EHR) interoperability for clinical pathway personalization based on structured data. The other three focus on NLP (corpus creation, de-identification, and co-reference resolution) and highlight the increase in NLP tools performances.
CONCLUSION: NLP tools are close to being seriously concurrent to humans in some annotation tasks. Their use could increase drastically the amount of data usable for meaningful use of EHR.

PMID: 25123738 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Pharmacogenomics for leukemia treatment.

Rinsho Ketsueki. 2016 Jul;57(7):910-8

Authors: Tanaka Y

Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic drugs can greatly vary among individuals. For example, it is sometimes necessary to alter the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia from the standard protocol. Genetic variation is one important factor, which can exert a wide range of effects on sensitivities and responses to therapeutic agents. Thiopurine S-methyl transferase (TPMT) is a useful test for predicting 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) sensitivity in Caucasians. However, it is not effective for predicting the 6-MP therapeutic responses of Japanese patients because the frequency of TPMT deficiency is lower in the Japanese population (approximately 1% versus approximately 10% in Caucasians). Recently, NUDT15 polymorphisms have been reported to be predictive factors contributing to responsiveness to thiopurine therapy in Asians. The associations between genetic variants and therapeutic responses have been reported in Western countries. However, questions remain about whether results studying other races are applicable to Japanese due to differences in genetic variant frequencies among races. To provide personalized therapy based on genetic factors, we need to ascertain the relationships between genetic variants and therapeutic responses in Japanese childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases.

PMID: 27498738 [PubMed - in process]

Role of Proteomics in the Development of Personalized Medicine.

Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2016;102:41-52

Authors: Jain KK

Abstract
Advances in proteomic technologies have made import contribution to the development of personalized medicine by facilitating detection of protein biomarkers, proteomics-based molecular diagnostics, as well as protein biochips and pharmacoproteomics. Application of nanobiotechnology in proteomics, nanoproteomics, has further enhanced applications in personalized medicine. Proteomics-based molecular diagnostics will have an important role in the diagnosis of certain conditions and understanding the pathomechanism of disease. Proteomics will be a good bridge between diagnostics and therapeutics; the integration of these will be important for advancing personalized medicine. Use of proteomic biomarkers and combination of pharmacoproteomics with pharmacogenomics will enable stratification of clinical trials and improve monitoring of patients for development of personalized therapies. Proteomics is an important component of several interacting technologies used for development of personalized medicine, which is depicted graphically. Finally, cancer is a good example of applications of proteomic technologies for personalized management of cancer.

PMID: 26827601 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]